CONDITIONAL SENTENCES // СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ С ПРИДАТОЧНЫМИ УСЛОВИЯ

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I. First Conditional – выражает реальные, осуществимые предположения, которые осуществляются при определенных условиях

öIf + Present Indefinite, will/shall + Infinitive (without “to”)

E.g.: If I pass my exams, I shall go to France. Если я сдам экзамены, я поеду во Францию.

ö If + Present Simple, Present Simple

     If you want to study in the USA, you pass an exam in English.

Если вы хотите учиться в США, вы сдаёте экзамен по английскому языку.

ö If + Present Indefinite, can/may + Infinitive (without to)

E.g.: If we finish your work before 3.00, you may go home. Если закончите свою работу до трех, можете идти домой.

II. Second Conditional – выражает невероятные или маловероятные предположения. Они относятся к настоящемуили будущему времени – “бы”

ö If + Past Indefinite, would/could/might + Infinitive (without “to”)

E.g.: If I won 1,000,000 $, I would buy a yacht. Если бы я выиграл 1 миллион долларов, я бы купил яхту.

      If I had money, I could buy a new car. Если бы у меня были деньги, я бы смог купить новую машину.

NB: Type II is also used for giving advice – If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him. ( advice ) Если бы я была на твоем месте, я бы не ходила с ним. (совет)

If I were you, I would take an umbrella. ( advice ) На твоем месте, я бы взяла зонт.

III. Third Conditional – выражает предположения, относящиеся к прошедшему времени и, поэтому, являющиеся невыполнимыми – “бы”

ö If + Past Perfect, would/could/ might + Perfect Infinitive

E.g.: If he hadn’t robbed the bank, the police wouldn’t have arrested him. Если бы он не ограбил банк, полиция не арестовала бы его.

    If John hadn’t overslept, he wouldn’t have been late for work. Если бы Джон не проспал, он бы не опоздал на работу.

NB: Instead of if (если) we can also use: unless (если не), in case (на случай если), provided that (providing) (при условии что), as long as (до тех пор пока), so that (с тем чтобы), on condition that (при условии что).

MIXED CONDITIONAL

It is possible to mix conditionals. We can talk about a past action, the result of which may be in the present. The context defines a meaning.

If + HAD (NOT) DONE, WOULD (NOT) + INFINITIVE

If he had worked harder at the University, he would get a diploma with our group this year.

Tenses Review (Active Voice)

Indefinite Постоянное, регулярное действие; констатация факта Continuous Действие как процесс, действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определенный момент в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем. Perfect Завершенность действия; действие, которое завершается до какого-то момента или другого события в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Perfect Continuous Процесс в течении некоторого времени до определенного момента; действие, которое начнется до определенного момента в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем и продолжается вплоть до этого момента.

Present ask asks всегда спрашиваю don’t / doesn’t ask Do you ask …? Does she ask …? Present am are asking is сейчас спрашиваю am not /aren't/ isn't asking Am I asking? Are you/they/we asking? Is he/she/it asking? Present have has asked уже спросил haven't / hasn’t asked Have you asked …? Has he/she/it asked …? Present have has been asking уже спрашиваю на протяжении … haven't / hasn’t been asking Have you been asking? Has he/she/it been asking?

Past asked спрашивал когда-то didn’t ask Did you ask … ? Past was were    asking спрашивал в определенный момент wasn’t /weren't asking Was he asking …? Were they asking …? Past had asked уже спросил до этого момента hadn't asked Had you asked …? Past had been asking до этого момента уже спрашивал на протяжении… hadn't been asking Had you been asking?

Future shall will      ask спрошу shan't ask / won't ask Shall I / we ask …? Will you ask …? Future shall will      be asking спрошу в определенный момент shan't / won’t be asking Shall I / we be asking …? Will you be asking …? Future shall will      have asked уже спрошу до этого момента shan't / won't have asked Shall I / we have asked …? Will you have asked …? Future shall will have been asking до этого момента уже буду спрашивать на протяжении какого-то времени shan't / won't have been asking Shall I / we have been asking? Will you have been asking?

Future in-the-Past should would ask shouldn’t ask / wouldn’t ask Should I ask …? Would you ask …? Future in-the-Past should would be asking shouldn’t / wouldn't be asking Should I / we be asking …? Would you be asking …? Future in-the-Past should would have asked shouldn’t / wouldn’t have asked Should I / we have asked? Would you have asked? Future in-the-Past should would have been asking shouldn’t / wouldn’t been asking Should I / we have been asking? Would you have been asking?

Time indicators: Every day, usually, often, always, regularly; yesterday, three days ago, last year, on Sunday, in February; tomorrow, soon, next year, in three days etc. Now, at this moment, at 5 o’clock, at present moment, from 6 till 9, from morning till night, the whole morning, all day long etc. Ever, never, already, yet, just, lately, recently, up to now, for, since, today, this week, this month, this year, by 5 o'clock, by Saturday, by that time etc. For an hour, for a month, for a long time, lately, since yesterday, since 5 o'clock, etc.

NB: вспомогательный глагол shall употребляется в современном английском языке для образования простого времени в 1-м лице ед.ч. и мн.ч., главным образом в Южной Англии.

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Indefinite Постоянное, регулярное действие; констатация факта	Continuous Действие как процесс, действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определенный момент в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.	Perfect Завершенность действия; действие, которое завершается до какого-то момента или другого события в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.	Perfect Continuous Процесс в течении некоторого времени до определенного момента; действие, которое начнется до определенного момента в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем и продолжается вплоть до этого момента.
Present ask asks всегда спрашиваю don’t / doesn’t ask Do you ask …? Does she ask …?	Present am are asking is сейчас спрашиваю am not /aren't/ isn't asking Am I asking? Are you/they/we asking? Is he/she/it asking?	Present have has asked уже спросил haven't / hasn’t asked Have you asked …? Has he/she/it asked …?	Present have has been asking уже спрашиваю на протяжении … haven't / hasn’t been asking Have you been asking? Has he/she/it been asking?
Past asked спрашивал когда-то didn’t ask Did you ask … ?	Past was were asking спрашивал в определенный момент wasn’t /weren't asking Was he asking …? Were they asking …?	Past had asked уже спросил до этого момента hadn't asked Had you asked …?	Past had been asking до этого момента уже спрашивал на протяжении… hadn't been asking Had you been asking?
Future shall will ask спрошу shan't ask / won't ask Shall I / we ask …? Will you ask …?	Future shall will be asking спрошу в определенный момент shan't / won’t be asking Shall I / we be asking …? Will you be asking …?	Future shall will have asked уже спрошу до этого момента shan't / won't have asked Shall I / we have asked …? Will you have asked …?	Future shall will have been asking до этого момента уже буду спрашивать на протяжении какого-то времени shan't / won't have been asking Shall I / we have been asking? Will you have been asking?
Future in-the-Past should would ask shouldn’t ask / wouldn’t ask Should I ask …? Would you ask …?	Future in-the-Past should would be asking shouldn’t / wouldn't be asking Should I / we be asking …? Would you be asking …?	Future in-the-Past should would have asked shouldn’t / wouldn’t have asked Should I / we have asked? Would you have asked?	Future in-the-Past should would have been asking shouldn’t / wouldn’t been asking Should I / we have been asking? Would you have been asking?
Time indicators: Every day, usually, often, always, regularly; yesterday, three days ago, last year, on Sunday, in February; tomorrow, soon, next year, in three days etc.	Now, at this moment, at 5 o’clock, at present moment, from 6 till 9, from morning till night, the whole morning, all day long etc.	Ever, never, already, yet, just, lately, recently, up to now, for, since, today, this week, this month, this year, by 5 o'clock, by Saturday, by that time etc.	For an hour, for a month, for a long time, lately, since yesterday, since 5 o'clock, etc.