Модальные глаголы в английском языке
Переведите словосочетания: to accept a hypothesis (theory, results, etc.); to account for an effect (disagreement, variation); to agree with an experimental observation (theory, calculation, etc.). agreement with; to assume a model (a hypothesis, etc.), as assumption; to cany out an experiment (measurements, research, etc.); to collect information (data, evidence, etc.); to deduce consequences (as equation, etc.), deduction; to develop an apparatus (method, procedure, technique, etc.); to disagree with views (theory, etc.); to discard a theory (hypothesis, etc.); to encounter difficulties ~ to face difficulties; to improve an apparatus (model, technique, etc.); to install equipment, an installation; to modernize a laboratory, modernization of a laboratory; to modify a model (apparatus, theory, etc.); to obtain results (evidence, etc.); to predict an effect (results, etc.). prediction of new facts; to present data (observation, evidence for. etc.); to propose a hypothesis - to suggest a hypothesis; to recognize a problem; to test smth. by experiment; the- results obtained; the mechanism involved; the present approach; a conventional apparatus; an improved experimental technique; data available in literature. Упражнения 1. Определите время сказуемого. Дайте все воз можные варианты перевода. 1. Only a few instances will be given here. 2. His answer was appreciated by everybody. 3. A new exhibition has been organized in this building. 4. The most important documents are signed here. 5. His lecture will be broadcast by the radio tomorrow. 6. The new-discovered language was described and deciphered. 7. The inscriptions have not yet been fully studied. 8. The most important archaeological collections are housed in museums. 9. This paper was first published in another edition, and is reprinted here with the permission of the editors. 10. The above problem is being investigated by one of the writers, and the results will be published separately. 11. All these ancient tools have been mentioned above, and something more will be said about them in the following chapter. 2. Подберите наилучший вариант перевода . 1. According to one version the famous library was destroyed during the strife between Ptolemy XV and his sister Cleopatra for the throne; according to another, it was burned six centuries later. 2. Almost all sciences except perhaps medicine suffered a relapse during the Dark Ages when scientific pursuits were considered antireligious. The occasional scholar who attempted such studies was often persecuted and his progress discouragingly slow. 3. The origin of the race of men who made the Nile valley the cradle of civilization is still being sought by scholars. 4. On the whole Chekhov's plays are constructed in the same way as his stories. The differences are due to the differences of material and are imposed by the use of dialogue. 5. These papers were in their original form read at a conference of the English Institute, 1954.
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International Auxiliary Tongue
By an international auxiliary tongue is meant an international language for use in intercourse between peoples of different mother tongues. It is intended to assist and not to replace the mother tongue. The idea of this kind of language is by far not a modern one. In fact, it was a subject treated by philosophers several hundred years ago, notably by Descartes and Leibnitz. Over two hundred systems have been devised in the last 300 years.
Three classes of languages present themselves for consideration: living or national languages, dead languages and, finally, artificial or synthetic languages.
Concerning the first class, many think that some national tongue ought to be adopted as an international language. A brief consideration of the facts, however, should easily reveal the fallacy of adopting a national language for the purpose. At various times in history some language has had a predominant position in the world or in a large part of it. In the West Greek, Latin, Arabic, Italian and French used to hold such a preeminent position and now, in a way, English. Those languages have been displaced from their privileged positions. What may be the comparative value of English in some hundred years, in face of the growing -importance of Russian?
There is no doubt that if any national language were chosen as an international auxiliary tongue, the favoured nation would be given advantages over all others. The country would be relieved of the necessity of learning any 'secondary language at all. It would be required that other countries should learn the selected national language in addition to their mother tongues. It is obviously impracticable to adopt a living language for the
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purpose. This leads to a consideration, therefore, of the second class, i. е., the so-called dead languages and the possible adoption of Latin, Greek or Sanskrit. They all possess the prime requisite of neutrality. It has often been proposed that Latin should be chosen for the role. The chief objection, however, is the great difficulty to learn any of the dead languages. In their unmodified, inflected forms they are too cumbrous to meet all modern conditions.
This leads naturally to the conclusion that the only practical solution of the problem is to adopt an artificial or invented language. This conclusion is now most generally accepted.
Модальные глаголы в английском языке
(Modal Verbs)
Глаголы can (could), may (might), must, ought, need относятся к группе так называемых модальных глаголов (Modal Verbs). Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого: Не can do it himself. Он может это сделать сам. They may come tonight. Они, может быть, придут сегодня вечером.
Модальные глаголы не выражают конкретных процессов (действий), а показывают лишь отношение говорящего к действию, оценку действия, т. е. возможность, необходимость, предположительность, долженствование, разрешение и т. д. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами (Defective Verbs), так как они не имеют всех форм, какие есть у других глаголов. Глаголы сап и may имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени: can — could, may — might, глаголы must, ought и need — только форму настоящего времени.
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Модальные глаголы имеют ряд формальных отличительных особенностей.
ОТЛИЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
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Не имеют окончания —s в 3-м лице единственого числа настоящего времени. He can do it. He may take it. He must go there. He ought to help him. Need he do it?
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Не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, герундия и причастия)
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Не употребляются как отдельный член предложения - простое глагольное сказуемое, но только в сочетании с еще одним, не модальным, глаголом в форме инфинитива без частицы to (кроме ought и иногда need), образуя составное глагольное сказуемое. I must go there. Я должен пойти туда. You needn't do it. Вам не нужно делать этого. Но: You ought to help him. Вам следовало бы помочь ему.
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Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модальных глаголов образуются без вспомогательного глагола: в вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, в отрицательных — после него ставится отрицание not. Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need he do it? He ought not to help him. He need not do it.
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Не имеют формы прошедшего времени (кроме can — could, may — might) и аналитических форм (будущего времени, продолженного вида, перфектных форм и форм страдательного залога). В случае необходимости вместо отсутствующих форм используются эквиваленты модальных глаголов.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится непосредственно после модального глагола, в результате чего значение меняется на противоположное: must должен - must not не должен. В настоящем времени can пишется слитно с not: He cannot do it. You may not take it. He must not go there. В разговорной речи в отрицательной форме обычно употребляются следующие сокращения: cannot = can't [ka:nt], could not = couldn't [kudnt], may not = mayn't [meint], might not = mightn't [maitnt], must not = mustn't [masnt], ought not = oughtn't [o:tnt], need not = needn’t [ni:dnt].
В вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол стоит на первом месте либо сразу после вспомогательного слова: Who can do it? Кто может сделать это?
Основные значения модальных глаголов - необходимость (долженствование), возможность и предположение. Некоторые глаголы имеют формы прошедшего времени: can - could, may - might (иногда называют и will - would, shall - should), тем не менее все эти формы могут иметь самостоятельные, присущие только им оттенки значения.
1. Complete the following sentences using the most appropriate forms of the verbs.
1. Jack has got a headache. He … sleep well recently.
a) can’t
b) couldn’t have
c) hasn’t been able to
2. I … sleep for hours when I was a little girls.
a) could
b) am able to
c) can
3. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.
a) couldn’t, could
b) can, was able
c) can, couldn’t
4. I didn’t want to be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 sharp.
a) were to
b) had to
c) could
5. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.
a) can’t
b) have to
c) needn’t
6. You … take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.
a) needn’t
b) mustn’t
c) can’t
7. I’m sorry, you didn’t invite me to your birthday party. You … invite me next time.
a) must
b) should
c) need to
8. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
9. You … smoke so much.
a) would
b) can’t
c) shouldn’t
10. We have got plenty of time. We … hurry.
a) must
b) needn’t
c) should
2. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Вы должны бросить курить.
2. Вечеринка была замечательная. Вам следовало прийти.
3. Ты можешь решить эту проблему.
4. Тебе следует навестить своего больного друга.
5. Тебе следовало навестить своего больного друга, но ты не навестил.
6. Не хотите еще чая?
7. Я вынужден был сделать это.
8. Я не знаю, почему мы спешили. Нам не нужно было спешить.
9. Я бы хотел пойти с тобой.
10. Ты можешь делать все, что хочешь.
11. Ольге нужно уделить больше внимания занятиям по английскому языку.
12. Я не уверен, но возможно он неправ.
13. Ему разрешили взять машину своего отца в прошлую пятницу.
14. Я могу считать до 50 на испанском.
3. There is a mistake in each sentence. Correct the mistakes.
1. Actors may learn a lot of dialogues by heart.
2. Your glass is empty. Must I refill it?
3. Would I introduce Mr. Brown to you?
4. My sister can to play a few musical instruments.
5. Some years ago I didn’t can speak English.
Упражнение
Переведите. Обратите внимание на значение и время модального глагола.
1. The question can be decided later.
2. The newspaper must be translated without a dictionary.
3. The lecture is to be delivered at eleven o'clock.
4. The teacher fell ill, so the lesson had to be postponed.
5. A word should be said about the origin of this term.
6. This rule cannot be applied here.
7. These books must not be touched without permission.
8. A word or two may be said as to the plan upon which the book is constructed.
9. The letters will have to be posted in the morning.
Упражнения
1. Переведите. Обратите внимание на то, каким падежом следует перевести подлежащее английского предложения.
1. We were informed that he had been sent to a conference.
2. He was sent only two copies of this book.
3. They were asked about it yesterday.
4. We were asked to come in.
5. He had been taught Latin and Greek in his boyhood.
6. We were given only three tickets instead of five.
7. She was given a watch as a birthday present.
8. The visitors were shown many new exhibits.
9. They were shown into a large hall.
10. He has not been seen anywhere today.
11. We were shown in and asked to wait.
12. She was advised to spend the summer in the Crimea.
13. They were ordered to be silent.
14. The painter was assisted by two of his disciples.
15. We have not been offered anything yet.
16. The boy was helped with his lessons by his elder sister.
17. I was told that all the strangers were refused admittance to that building.
18. To this end lengthy discussion has been avoided here.
19. He was admired not only for his technical skill, but also for his ability to attract people.
20. This information should not be ignored.
21. This unpleasant meeting is not to be avoided.
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