II . Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are the World Health Organisation's statistics on smoking related diseases?
2. What measures do anti-smoking campaigns include?
3. What puzzles health experts about teenage smoking?
4. What category of girls smoke less?
III . Исправьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. The habit of smoking is on an increase among teenage girls while it is falling among adult women.
2. Teenage girls are likely to start smoking if their best friends do not disapprove of their taking up the habit.
№28
Прочитайте текст два раза и выполните следующие задания.
If there is no difference in general intelligence between boys and girls, what can explain girls' lack of success in science and mathematics?
It seems to be that their treatment at school is a direct cause. Mathematics and science are seen as mainly masculine subjects, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them up. Interestingly, both boys and girls tend to regard the «masculine» subjects as more difficult. Yet it has been suggested that girls avoid mathematics courses, not because they are difficult, but for social reasons. Girls do not want to be in open competition with boys, nor do they want to do better than boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine and attractive.
However, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have undertaken mathematics courses, there are still more high-achieving boys than there are girls. This difference appears to be world-wide. Biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too.
Perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. From their first days in nursery school, males are encouraged to work on their own and to complete tasks: this is essential behaviour for learning how to solve problems later on.
Apart from that, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their male students to do better at these subjects than their female students. They even appear to encourage the difference between the sexes, not consciously1, but they still do it. They spend more time with the male students. They are more likely to call on boys for answers and to allow them to take the lead in classroom discussion. They also praise boys more frequently. All of this tends to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence, to convince them that they are able to succeed.
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Such male-oriented teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and science courses. It seems certain, then, that where these subjects are concerned, school widens the difference between boys and girls.
1 consciously—сознательный
Test № 28
I . Определите, верны ( True ) или неверны ( False ) следующие утверждения.
1. Some scientists explain girls' lack of success in science and mathematics by their biological characteristics.
2. The author believes that mathematics and science are treated as masculine subjects because they are more difficult than other subjects.
3. Teachers of mathematics and science tend to encourage the difference between sexes.
4. Male students don't usually allow female students to take the lead in classroom discussions.
II . Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are social reasons for which girls avoid mathematics courses?
2. What do the worldwide statistics on science achievement show?
3. When, according to the author, does the difference in the approach to girls and boys come out?
4. What, according to the author, is the essential behaviour for learning how to- solve problems?
III . Исправьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. Girls are more likely to take up mathematics and science as they become teenagers.
2. It seems certain that where mathematics and science are concerned school encourages competition between boys and girls.
№29
Прочитайте текст два раза и выполните следующие задания.
Airline pilots have high social status and earn a great deal of money. Air hostesses' have an uncertain status and earn little. For those recently qualified, the basic pay in some airlines is as little as £300 a month.
This is little to balance against the possibility of a hijack2 or a disaster. So why do they do it?
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I went to see Diane Humphreys, Senior Hostess with Dan-Air at Manchester Airport, to try to find the answer to this question. Mrs. Humphreys has had the job for 16 years. Before that she was an ordinary air hostess for six years.
One reason why air hostesses don't get over-anxious about flying • may be that they're so busy, before, during and after a flight. I asked Mrs. Humphreys to tell me what a typical summer timetable for a hostess would be. She said that four or five flights a week during the summer is not uncommon.
«On a Monday morning, a hostess might have an early morning flight, ' perhaps at 7 a.m. She has to check in 1.5 hours before the flight.
She has to prepare the cabin and toilets and make sure that the food and drinks are aboard. Dan-Air does not do long-distance flights, just short or medium distance ones, and so there are no overnight stopovers unless weather conditions prevent take-off or landing, or the plane develops technical problems. There's a 45-minute interval, when the hostesses have to prepare the plane for the return flight. Depending on where you're flying, this can make it a 12-hour day; with delays it can even be 16 hours.»
«During the flight you've got no time to relax — the safety instructions have to be demonstrated and the food and drinks served. You're always busy. So one day you might have an early morning flight; the next an afternoon flight; the day after you might be on relief duty and have to be ready to work if someone else becomes ill or there is an emergency. This means that you have to stay near a phone all the time and be no more than an hour and a half from the airport.»
1 air hostess — стюардесса
2 hijack—угон самолета
Test № 29
I . Определите, верны ( True ) или неверны ( False ) следующие утверждения.
1. According to the passage the money that air hostesses earn does not cover the risks that their profession involves.
2. Diane Humphreys has been an air hostess for 16 years.
3. Air hostesses can only relax during a 45-minute interval before the return flight.
4. When on relief duty an air hostess has to telephone to the airport every one and a half hours.
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