I. Make words out of these letters and translate them into Russian.
1) tacesinser
2) ibsivel
3) ranetexl
4) canytiet
5) thgenrst
6) rooornisc
7) recendanu
8) larufei
9) guhsensot
10) lilelbaityma
II. Name the property according to its definition.
1) - the property of regaining the original dimensions upon removal of the external load.
2) - the property of breaking without warning.
3) - a combination of a number of physical and mechanical properties.
4) - a point on the stress - strain curve at which the stress levels off or actually decreases while strain continues.
5) - the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.
6) - the property of resistance to external loads or stresses without incurring structural damage.
7) - the property of a metal which permits permanent deformation by compression without rupture.
III. Make up definitions out of these words and name the property.
1) separation, another, atoms, a resistance, or, or, of, to, rotation, one, about compression.
2) which, permanent, a metal, the property, of, deformation, without, by, compression, rupture, permits.
3) mechanical, a number, a combination, properties, of, of, and, physical.
4) before, absorbing, the property, fracture, considerable, of, energy.
5) due to, within, load, deformation, a body, which, an, applied, the force, externally, resists.
IV. Finish the sentences according to the text.
1) Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed …
2) Elasticity is demonstrated as …
3) When an external force acts upon an elastic material …
4) Elastically stressed materials return to their original dimensions when …
5) The strength of metals and alloys depends upon two factors: …
Unit 4. Foundry equipment.
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| 1-12 melting plant – плавильная установка 1 cupola furnace (cupola), a melting furnace – вагранка, плавильная печь 2 blast main (blast inlet, blast pipe) - воздухопровод 3 tapping spout – выпускной желоб 4 spyhole – смотровое отверстие 5 tilting - type [ hot - metal ] receiver – приемник расплавленного металла 6 mobile drum - type ladle – передаточный ковш барабанного типа 7 melter - плавильщик 8 founder ( caster )- заливщик 9 tap bar ( tapping bar ) – лом для пробивания летки 10 bott stick ( Am . hot stick ) – глиняная пробка на стержне летки 11 molten iron – расплавленный чугун 12 slag spout – выпускной желоб для шлака 13 casting team – бригада заливщиков 14 hand shank – ручной литейный ковш 15 double handle (crutch) – хомут с ручками 16 carrying bar – хомут для переноски ковша 17 skimmer rod – лопата для перекачивания шлака 18 closed moulding ( Am . molding ) box – закрытая опока 19 upper frame (cope) – верхняя опока 20 lower frame (drag) – нижняя опока 21 runner (runner gate, down-gate) – литейная часть со стояком 22 iser (riser gate) - выпор 23 hand ladle – ручной литейный ковш | 24-29 continuous casting – непрерывная разливка 24 sinking pouring floor – опускающийся пол разливочного пролета 25 solidifying pig – затвердевший чугун 26 solid stage – твердое состояние 27 liquid stage – жидкое состояние 28 water - cooling system – система водяного охлаждения 29 mould (Am. mold) wall – стенка литейной формы 30-37 moulding (Am. molding) department (moulding shop) – формовочное отделение 30 moulder (Am. molder) – формовщик 31 pneumatic rammer – пневматическая тромбовка 32 hand rammer – ручная тромбовка 33 open moulding (Am. molding) box – открытая формовочная опока 34 р attern - модель 35 moulding (Am. molding) sand – формовочная смесь 36 с ore – литейный стержень 37 core print – стержневой знак 38-45 cleaning shop (fettling shop) – очистное отделение 38 steel grit or sand delivery pipe – распределительная труба для песка 39 rotary - table shot 7 blasting machine – дробеструйная машина с вращающимся столом 40 grit guard – ограждение от дроби 41 revolving table – вращающийся стол 42 casting - отливка 43 fettler - обрубщик 44 pneumatic grinder – пневматический шлифовальный станок 45 pneumatic chisel – пневматическое зубило |
FOUNDRY
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METAL CASTING
One of the basic processes of the metal-working industry is the production of metal castings. Numerous methods have been developed through the ages for producing metal castings, but the oldest method is that of making sand castings in the foundry. Primarily, work consists of melting metal in a furnace and pouring it into suitable sand molds, where it solidifies and assumes the shape of the mold. However, the operation of making sand castings is not as simple as it seems
Metal-castings methods may be classified into three groups depending upon the type of mold used and the manner in which the molten metal is introduced into the mold.
The mold may be made from heat-resisting material, such as sand, some suitable ceramic material, or plaster. The kind of material chosen to make the mold is, of course, determined primarily by the melting temperature of the cast metal. Molten metals may be poured into the mold by gravity or, on the other hand, pressure may be applied to force the liquid metal into the mold. The latter method is known as die casting. Die-casting pressure may be furnished by air, hydraulic means, mechanical means, or centrifugally.
Among the mold materials, sand is used more than all others, since it can be packed to any required shape with small effort.
This method of production is relatively simple, inexpensive, and is not limited to any particular type of metal or to certain sizes and shapes of castings. Of course, sand molds are used only once, and each casting requires a new mold.
Wider use of the permanent type of mold made from steel, iron or any other suitable metal, depending upon the melting temperature of the cast metal, is therefore greatly desired.
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Bronze molds are employed at times for casting metals and alloys of very low melting temperature such as zinc-base and lead-base alloys.
Modern casting techniques also permit that steel molds, coated inside with refractory material, also be successfully used for production of iron and steel castings.
The metal molds are usually made in two parts which are either clamped together or closed by a screw or other suitable device. The molten metal may be introduced into the mold either by gravity or pressure.
The inner surfaces of the metal mold are in most cases finished smooth. They can be re-used. These qualities make them superior to sand castings.
NOTES AND COMMENTARY
| through the ages – в течение веков the oldest method is that of sand castings – древнейшим методом является метод литья в земляные формы assumes the shape of the mold – принимает форму изложницы depending upon the type of mold used – в зависимости от типа используемой формы introduced into – выливается в by gravity – силой тяжести on the other hand – с другой стороны die casting – литье под давлением may be furnished – может осуществляться | it can be packed to any required shape – ему можно придать любую нужную форму sand molds are used only once – воспользоваться земляными изложницами можно только один раз at times – иногда coated inside – покрытые внутри refrectory material – огнеупорный материал made in two parts – изготовляется из двух частей in most cases finished smooth – в большинстве случаев изготовляется гладкой |
EXERCISES
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