Замените слова в скобках правильными формами причастий.
1. (To have) long contacts with the English Public law and systems of court procedure, countries of “mixed” system inherited much of the Common law.
2. He presented an interesting report on Customary law, (to study) a great amount of articles on the subject.
3. (To do) everything they could, the lawyers were unable to prevent him from being imprisoned.
4. King Henry II (to establish) the King’s court, designated that laws were “common” to the entire England.
5. (To learn) about the new facts, they insisted on investigating the case.
6. (To colonize) African and Asian countries, western states introduced their legal systems there.
7. The members of parliament improved the situation greatly, (to include) these laws into their legislation.
8. (To consider) this decision as a precedent, the courts should follow it in future.
9. (To abolish) capital punishment, the country has got an opportunity to join the EU.
10. (To become) systematized inside one country, rules and laws make national legal systems and these systems, in their turn, can be classified into families according to their main features.
Переведите на английский язык словосочетания.
Завоевав многие страны, навязав свою правовую систему завоеванным странам, испытывая влияние библии, внеся поправки, появившись в странах Азии и Африки, создав систему наказаний, став частью современного законодательства, включив эти законы в систему права, использовав структуру государственной власти.
Причастия пассивного залога (Passive Participles).
Participle I
| Non-Perfect Passive | being written | В тот момент, когда его писали (письмо). |
| Perfect Passive | having being written | Когда оно было написано (письмо). |
Participle II
| written | написанное (письмо) |
Повторение грамматики. Причастия пассивного залога (Passive Participles).
Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.
1. Having been collected from different areas, the facts reflected the situation all over the country.
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2. Being founded as a union of 13 colonies, the United States claimed to become independent from the British Crown.
3. Having been based on the US Constitution, the Constitutional law serves as the supreme federal law.
4. Having been inspired by the Soviet model, many countries followed it after World War II.
5. Being affected by the basic principles of Civil law, the provisions of Socialist law are familiar to Western lawyers.
6. Being influenced by different systems of law, these countries were united in the group of so called ‘mixed’ legal systems.
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Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму причастия.
1. In the past, legal systems (to be grouped) by geography, history culture, race, language, religion or official ideology were classified in different ways.
2. (To be derived) mainly from the Roman collection of laws and legal interpretations the Civil law appeared during the reign of Justinian I.
3. (To be based) on the Koran, Muslim law is considered to be an autonomous legal system.
4. (To be marked) by relatively small population with a high standard of living North European countries have adopted much uniform legislation especially in the fields of commerce and family law.
5. (To be collected) in the legislative form about 400 years ago, the original Germanic public and private law became the basis of the modern legal system of Finland, Norway, Sweden and some countries of Nordic Europe law system.
6. (To write) in very bad handwriting, the complaint was difficult to read.
7. (To spent) many years abroad while working with common law in England, he would find it difficult to work in Germany.
8. (To wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was going to discuss in the court room.
9. (To phone) the agency, he continued working on the contract.
10. (To show) the exhibition of the newly published books on law he was invited to the conference hall.
11. (To hear) the steps of the coming jury he raised his head.
12. (To follow) the colonization, such laws, (to be written down) and (to incorporate) into the legal systems, were (to impose) by the colonial powers.
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13. (To be unwritten) common attributes of customary legal systems are seldom organized into a set of rules.
14. Usually customary laws (to be agreed) upon by members of the community.
| I и II причастие в функции определения, обстоятельства, объектный падеж с причастием и самостоятельный причастный оборот (Participle I, Participle II. Functions of the Participle I and Participle II in the Sentence, Nominative Absolute Participle Construction). |
1. Причастие в функции определения (Present Participle Active, Present Participle Passive, Past Participle Passive):
The judge presiding over the trial was totally impartial.
The witness being questioned by the prosecutor is giving false testimony.
The judgments made by the court should always be fair.
2. Причастие в функции обстоятельства (any Participle forms):
While hearing the case the judge dealt with different evidence.
Being interested in this court trial I follow all news.
Having given the evidence the witness left the witness box.
3. Объектный падеж с причастием после глаголов физического восприятия (to hear, to see etc.), глаголов, выражающих приказание, мнение, предположение.
The public watched the trial being broadcast.
The defendant heard his sentence pronounced by the judge.
The victim saw the defendant coming into the courtroom.
Самостоятельным причастным оборотом называется такая конструкция, в которой причастие имеет свое собственное подлежащие, выраженное существительным (в общем падеже) или местоимением (в именительном падеже) и стоящее непосредственно перед причастием. Таким образом, в подобных предложения существуют два подлежащих: одно – в основном предложении, а второе – в виде одного из компонентов в причастном обороте.
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Самостоятельный причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой. Самостоятельный причастный оборот переводится с помощью придаточных предложений причины, времени и условия, а также с помощью союзов причем, при этом, поскольку, а, и в то время как, если.
Eхamples
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