Законный, дозволенный законом
ПОСОБИЕ ПО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМУ ПЕРЕВОДУ
(АНГЛИЙСКЙ
ЯЗЫК)
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ
ЮРИДИЧЕСКИХ
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Пособие по профессиональному переводу (английский язык) для студентов юридических специальностей – 2 и 3 год обучения: Учебник / З.В. Корзюкова, М.В. Галеева. – Казань, 2013г. – 263с.
Учебник составлен в соответствии с программой по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов и соответствует государственному образовательному стандарту.
Цель учебника – научить студентов читать, переводить тексты и вести беседу по специальности на английском языке.
Большое внимание в учебнике уделяется изучению грамматики для обеспечения более эффективного практического овладения языком.
Тексты учебника заимствованы из современной английской, американской и российской литературы. Тематика текстов охватывает широкий спектр юридических вопросов.
Система упражнений обеспечивает овладение устной речью и умение переводить тексты по специальности.
Для студентов 2 курса юридических специальностей.
СОДРЖАНИЕ
UNIT 1: THE NEED FOR LAW……………………………………………………………..…60
UNIT 2. ORIGINS OF THE JURY…………………………………………………………….113
UNIT 3. JURY DUTY………………………………………………………………………….116
UNIT 4. IN THE COURTROOM……………………………………………………………...124
UNIT 5. STEPS OF THE TRIAL………………………………………………………………131
UNIT 6. THE VALUE OF JURIES……………………………………………………………135
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UNIT 7: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE UNITED STATES AND
THE UNITED KINGDOM …………………..…………………………………………..……..33
UNIT 8: POLICE WORK IN THE UNITED STATES AND
THE UNITED KINGDOM ……………………………………………………………....……..45
UNIT 9: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS IN THE UNITED STATES AND
THE UNITED KINGDOM.………………….…………………………………………..……...55
UNIT 10: PHYSICAL EVIDENCE …………………………………………………..……….64
UNIT 11. THE STUDY OF CRIME……………………………………………………….....102
UNIT 12. CRIMES AND CRIMINALS…………………………………………………..….106
UNIT 13. PUNISHMENT………………………………………………………………..…...110
UNIT 14. THE PURPOSE OF STATE PUNISHMENT……………………………..………113
UNIT 15. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT…………………………………………………..…….118
Тексты для дополнительного чтения и перевода……………………………..………..128
Список использованной литературы…………………………………………………..…….205
UNIT 1. THE NEED FOR LAW
Text 1: LAW AND SOCIETY
Mr. Jones, having murdered his wife, was burying her in the garden one night, when his neighbour, hearing the noise, asked him what he was doing.
"Just burying the cat," said Mr. Jones.
"Funny sort of time to bury a cat," said the neighbour.
"Funny sort of cat," said Mr. Jones.
Now it is obvious to everyone that, in a community such as the one in which we live, some kind of law is necessary to try to prevent people like Mr. Jones from killing their wives. When the world was at a very primitive stage, there was no such law, and, if a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband, that was their own business and no one interfered officially.
But, for a very long time now, members of every community have made laws for themselves in self-protection. Otherwise it would have meant that the stronger man could have done what he liked with the weaker, and bad men could have joined together and terrorized the whole neighbourhood.
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If it were not for the law, you could not go out in broad daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are far, far more good people in the world than bad, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interests of everyone.
There is no difficulty in understanding this but it is just as important to understand that law is not necessary just because there are bad people in the world. If we were all as good as we ought to be, laws would still be necessary. If we never told lies, never took anything that didn't belong to us, never omitted to do anything that we ought to do and never did anything that we ought not to do, we should still require a set of rules of behaviour, in other words laws, to enable us to live in any kind of satisfactory state.
How is one good man in a motor-car to pass another good man also in a motor-car coming in the opposite direction, unless there is some rule of the road? People sometimes hover in front of one another when they are walking on the pavement before they can pass, and they may even collide. Not much harm is done then, but, if two good men in motor-cars going in the opposite directions hover in front of one another, not knowing which side to pass, the result will probably be that there will be two good men less in the world.
So you can see that there must be laws, however good we may be. Unfortunately, however, we are none of us always good and some of us are bad, or at any rate have our bad moments, and so the law has to provide for all kinds of possibilities. Suppose you went to a greengrocer and bought some potatoes and found on your return home that they were mouldy or even that some of them were stones. What could you do if there were no laws on the subject? In the absence of law you could only rely upon the law of the jungle. You could go back to the shop, demand proper potatoes and hit the shopkeeper on the nose if he refused to give them to you. You might then look round the shop to try to find some decent potatoes. While you were doing this, the shopkeeper might hit you on the back of the neck with a pound weight. Altogether not a very satisfactory morning shopping.
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Or you might pay your money to go to see a film at a cinema. You might go inside, sit down and wait. When the cinema was full, there might be flashed on the screen: "You've had it, Chums". And that might be the whole of the entertainment. If there were no law, the manager could safely remain on the premises and, as you went out, smile at you and say: "Hope you've enjoyed the show, sir." That is to say, he could do this safely if he were bigger than you or had a well-armed bodyguard. Every country tries, therefore, to provide laws which will help its people to live safely and as comfortably as possible. This is not at all an easy thing to do, and no country has been successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory. But we are far better off with the imperfect laws which we have, than if we had none at all.
Vocabulary:
to murder – убить, убивать
wife – жена
to bury – закапывать, закопать
neighbour – сосед
it is obvious – очевидно
community – сообщество
law – закон
necessary – необходимый, необходимо
to prevent – предотвратить, предотвращать
to kill – убить, убивать
to succeed – преуспеть
husband – муж
their own business – их личное дело
to interfere – вмешиваться
self-protection – самозащита
otherwise it would have meant – в противном случае это означало бы
to join together – собраться вместе, объединиться
neighbourhood – округа, соседство
If it were not for the law – если бы не закон
in broad daylight – при свете дня
fear – страх
to be kidnapped – быть похищенным
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to be robbed – быть ограбленным
enough – достаточно
There is no difficulty in understanding – не трудно понять
important – важный
ought to be – должен быть
to tell lies – лгать
to belong – принадлежать
to omit – пренебрегать, упускать
require – требовать
a set of rules of behaviour – свод правил поведения
to enable – давать возможность/право что-л. сделать
satisfactory – удовлетворительный
opposite direction – противоположное направление
unless – пока не, если не
to hover – находиться в состоянии нерешительности, неопределённости; мешкать
to collide – сталкиваться
harm – вред
not knowing – не зная
probably – возможно, вероятно
however – однако, какой бы ни
unfortunately – к сожалению
to provide – обеспечивать
possibilities – возможности
to suppose – полагать, предполагать
greengrocer – продавец фруктов
on return – на обратном пути, по возвращении
mouldy – плесневелый
the law of the jungle – закон джунглей
to demand – требовать
to hit – бить, ударить
to refuse – отказаться, отказываться
decent – подходящий
weight – вес, гиря
Chum – приятель
entertainment – развлечение
to remain on the premises – остаться при своей выгоде
that is to say – это значит; другими словами
bodyguard – телохранитель
therefore – таким образом
This is not at all an easy thing to do – это совсем не легко сделать
entirely – полностью
imperfect – несовершенный
Exercise 1: Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions
самозащита; телохранитель; общество; правила поведения; закон джунглей; несовершенные законы; при свете дня; причинять вред; предусмотреть все возможности; полагаться на кого-либо; требовать
Exercise 2: Translate the following passage into English paying special attention to the link words and expressions in bold type
Очевидно, что закон необходим в интересах всего общества.
Иначе людям пришлось бы жить по закону джунглей.
К сожалению, создать совершенные законы не просто.
Следовательно, каждое сообщество пытается установить свои собственные правила поведения.
Однако закон не может удовлетворить всех.
В любом случае, несовершенные законы лучше беззакония.
Exercise 3: Read and translate
When asked to explain the difference between an ordinary citizen and a lawyer, a well-known barrister explained, "If an ordinary citizen gave you an orange, he would say, "I give you this orange." But if a lawyer gave you an orange, he would say, "I hereby give, grant and convey to you all my interest, right, title and claim of and in this orange, together with all its rind, skin, juice and pulp, and all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, cut, suck, or otherwise eat or consume the said orange, or give away or dispose of to any third party the said orange, with or without its rind, skin, juice and pulp, subject to any amendments subsequently introduced or drawn up to this agreement."
Text 2: THE BIRTH OF LAW
Rules and laws — and the conventions or customs from which they are descended — have been a part of human life ever since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups. But our knowledge is vague of laws that were in effect before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. The earliest known legal text was written by Ur-Nammu, a king of the Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries, and with the penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves.
Exercise 4:Find in the text the words that mean the following:
1. the use of magic power, especially with the aid of evil spirits
2. a punishment imposed for a violation of law or rule
3. an accepted social custom or practice
4. not clearly or explicitly stated or expressed
5. payment for damage or loss, restitution
6. one from whom a person is descended
7. harm or damage done or suffered
Exercise 5:a) The word LEGAL has the following meanings in Russian:
Юридический
legal person — юридическое лицо
Правовой
legal text — правовой текст
Судебный
legal action — судебный иск
законный, дозволенный законом
legal owner — законный владелец
Легальный
legal activities — правомерная, законная деятельность
b) Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
| 1. legal activities | a) законные права |
| 2. legal address | b) законный владелец |
| 3. legal advice | c) имеющий законную силу |
| 4. legal age | d) использовать свое законное право |
| 5. legal costs | e) история права |
| 6. legal decision | f) консультация юриста |
| 7. legal document | g) правовая защита |
| 8. legal entity | h) правовой документ |
| 9. legal ethics | i) правовой статус |
| 10. legal expert | j) правомерная, законная деятельность |
| 11. legal history | k) профессиональная этика юриста |
| 12. legal language | l) решение суда |
| 13. legal owner | m) совершеннолетие |
| 14. legal procedure | n) стать юристом |
| 15. legal protection | o) судебные издержки |
| 16. legal rights | p) судопроизводство |
| 17. legal status | q)юридическая терминология |
| 18. of legal force | r) юридический адрес |
| 19. to enjoy one's legal rights | s) юридическое лицо |
| 20. to enter the legal profession | t) юрисконсульт; юридический советник |
Text 3:LAWS OF BABYLON
One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into a great stone pillar, which was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could be read by every citizen.
The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16th century B.C., was rediscovered by a French archaeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi's words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris.
The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered crime, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods.
Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow. The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which a man could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So a lower-ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position — though he would also be awarded less if he won.
Nevertheless, Hammurabi's laws represented an advance on earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime.
Vocabulary:
the most detailed ancient legal code – наиболее подробный древний свод законов
was carved into a great stone pillar – был высечен на большой каменной колонне/столбе
more extensive than any that had gone before – более распространенный, чем какой-либо ранее
the cruel principle of revenge was observed – наблюдался жестокий принцип мести
to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims – принимать в качестве наказания увечия и вред, которые они нанесли своим жертвам
to face the death penalty – столкнуться со смертной казнью
to lose the hand that struck the blow – потерять руку, которая нанесла удар
the code outlawed private blood feuds – кодекс ставил вне закона личную кровную вражду/месть
to take account of the circumstances of the offender – принимать во внимание обстоятельства преступника
to loose a civil case – проиграть гражданское дело
be awarded less if he won – получить меньше в случае, если он выиграет дело
an advance on earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime – достижение для ранних племенных обычаев, потому что наказание не могло быть более строгим, чем преступление
Exercise 6: Find in the text the English equivalents for the following law-related words and. expressions. What concepts bring these groups of words together?
| вор клеветник правонарушитель правонарушение преступление кровная месть наносить ущерб наносить увечья похищать | смертная казнь наказание штрафовать получать компенсацию | брак развод налоги наследство долги цены на товары гражданское дело права рабов имущественные контракты |
Exercise 7: Translate the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Кодекс Хаммурапи
В 1901 году французские археологи обнаружили каменный столб среди руин персидского города Сузы. Текст, высеченный на столбе, был древнейшим сводом законов. Он был составлен Хаммурапи, царем Вавилона, в XVIII столетии до нашей эры (В.С.).
Кодекс Хаммурапи состоит из 282 статей. Выставленный в храме вавилонского бога Мардука, «столб законов» должен был служить правосудию и одновременно напоминать: законы должны знать все.
Кодекс охватывал все сферы жизни. Он ставил вне закона кровную месть, убийство, похищение невесты. Наказания за них были суровы.
В основе Кодекса лежит идея талиона: наказание должно быть «равным» преступлению – «око за око, зуб за зуб». В соответствии с кодексом, если человек, обвинивший другого в краже, не смог привести свидетелей, подтверждающих его слова, ему грозила смерть как клеветнику.
Кодекс также рассматривал вопросы имущества и наследства. Хаммурапи устанавливал денежный штраф, при назначении которого учитывалось как само правонарушение, так и социальное положение граждан.
Text 4: THE LEGAL HERITAGE OF GREECE AND ROME
The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop a concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. Before the Greeks most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods or goddesses. Instead, the Greeks believed that laws were made by the people for the people.
In the 17th century B.C., Draco* drew up Greece’s first written code of laws. Under Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offenses. Thus, the term draconian usually applies to extremely harsh measures.
Several decades passed before Solon — poet, military hero, and ultimately Athens' lawgiver — devised a new code of laws. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debtors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco's code. Under Solon's law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could appeal government decisions.
What the Greeks may have contributed to the Romans was the concept of 'natural law'. In essence, natural law was based on the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people. The concept of natural law and the development of the first true legal system had a profound effect on the modern world.
Note:
*Draco — ['dreikou] — Драконт, афинский законодатель
Vocabulary:
to develop a concept of law – разработать понятие закона
religious beliefs – религиозные верования
to attribute their laws to – приписывать/относить свои законы (к)
laws were made by the people for the people – законы были созданы людьми для людей
to draw up – создавать, составлять
punishment for most offenses – наказание за большинство правонарушений
extremely harsh measures – очень жесткие меры
lawgiver – законодатель
trial by jury – суд присяжных
enslaving debtors – порабощение должников
under Solon' s law – в соответствии с законом Солона
were eligible to – имели право
appeal government decisions – подавать апелляцию на решения правительства
to contribute to – вносить вклад, содействовать
basic principles – основные принципы
arise from – проистекать, являться результатом
to have a profound effect on – иметь глубокий эффект на
Exercise 8: Complete the following table with the appropriate verb or noun forms
| Verb | Noun |
| to attribute | |
| belief | |
| punishment | |
| to develop | |
| offence | |
| to separate | |
| decision | |
| to apply | |
| government | |
| to prohibit | |
| to serve | |
| to establish | |
| to appeal | |
| to refer to |
Text 5: Read the text and use the words in bold type to render the text in Exercise 9:
SOLON (b. 630 — d. 560 B.C.)
Solon, the Athenian statesman, is known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. He ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituted a system of control by the wealthy, and introduced a new and more humane law code. He was also a noted poet.
Unfortunately it was not until the 5th century B.C. that accounts of his life and works began to be put together, mostly on the evidence of his poems and his law code. Although certain details have a legendary ring, the main features of his story seem to be reliable.
Solon was of noble descent but moderate means. He first became prominent in about 600 B.C. The early 6th century was a troubled time for the Athenians. Society was dominated by an aristocracy of birth, who owned the best land, monopolized the government, and were themselves split into rival factions. The social, economic, and political evils might well have culminated in a revolution and subsequent tyranny (dictatorship), as they had in other Greek states, had it not been for Solon, to whom Athenians of all classes turned in the hope of a generally satisfactory solution of their problems. Because he believed in moderation and in an ordered society in which each class had its proper place and function, his solution was not revolution but reform.
Solon's great contribution to the future good of Athens was his new code of laws. The first written code at Athens, that of Draco, was still in force. Draco's laws were shockingly severe (hence the term draconian), so severe that they were said to have been written not in ink but in blood. On the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses. Solon revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane.
Exercise 9: Render the following text into English using the vocabulary and information from the texts above:
Драконт
Драконт – афинский законодатель, чьи крайне суровые законы предусматривали только одно наказание – смерть – за незначительные нарушения и тяжкие преступления, совершенные в Афинах. Его имя теперь связывают со всем жестоким и безжалостным – «драконовские меры», «драконовы законы», «драконовский кодекс».
Кодекс Драконта, который принято датировать 621г. до н.э., не был первым записанным сводом афинских законов, но он, возможно, был первым всеобъемлющим кодексом или переработкой предыдущих законов.
Позднее Солон отменил драконовы законы и издал новые, оставив лишь прежнее наказание за убийство.
Text 6: THE MAGNA CARTA
At the heart of the English system are two principles of government — limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta*, or Great Charter, that King John** signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. Since 1199 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent.
Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties. It is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
Notes:
* Magna Carta — Великая Хартия Вольностей
** King John — Иоанн Безземельный, английский король (1199—1216)
Vocabulary:
limited government – ограниченное правительство
representative government – представительное правительство
all- powerful – всемогущий
signed – подписанный
threat of civil war – угроза гражданской войны
were granted – были дарованы/даны/подарены
exacted from – взысканы с
the nobility – знать
therefore – таким образом
baronial unrest – недовольство баронов
demand for a solemn grant of liberties – требование священного дарования свобод
agreed upon – согласились о
the final version – окончательная версия
was drafted – был выбран
to establish the principle of limited government – устанавливать принцип ограниченного правительства
power of the monarch – власть монарха, королевская власть
absolute – абсолютный
to provide for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law – обеспечивать защиту против незаконного наказания и потери жизни, свободы, и собственности, кроме случаев соответствующих закону
to stipulate – ставить условием, обусловливать, оговаривать в качестве особого условия
no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial – ни один гражданин не мог быть наказан или посажен в тюрьму без честного суда
under the Magna Carta – в соответствии с Великой Хартией Вольностей
taxes – налоги
to be levied – взиматься, собираться
popular consent – народное согласие
although – хотя
originally – изначально
to protect aristocracy – защитить аристократию
ordinary citizens – простые граждане
to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties – рассматриваться как краеугольный камень британских свобод
written constitutional papers – записанные конституционные документы
Exercise 10: a) The word GOVERNMENT has the following meanings in Russian:
Государственная власть
executive government — исполнительная власть
judicial government — судебная власть
legislative government — законодательная власть
Управление, руководство
to carry out the government of a state — осуществлять управление государством
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