Collocation and the notion of collocability
A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong". Look at these examples:
Natural English...Unnatural English...
the fast train quick train
fast foodthe quick fooda
quick shower fast shower
a quick meala a fast meal
Why learn collocations?
· Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
· You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
· It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words
collocate + -ability
[edit] Noun
collocability (countable and uncountable; plural collocabilities)
1. (linguistics) The tendency or legitimacy of words to occur together in a collocation.
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Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Transformational Analysis
Transformational analysis in lexicological investigations may be definedas re-patterning of various distributional structures in order todiscover difference or sameness of meaning of practically identicaldistributional patterns. Word-groups of identical distributional structure when re-patterned alsoshow that the semantic relationship between words and consequently themeaning of word-groups may be different. For example, in the word-groupsconsisting of a possessive pronoun followed by a noun, his car, hisfailure, his arrest, his goodness, etc., the relationship between hisand the following nouns is in each instant different which can bedemonstrated by means of transformational procedures.his failure (mistake, attempt) may be represented as he failed (wasmistaken, attempted) or A performs В which is impossible in the case ofhis car (pen, table). · his arrest (imprisonment, embarrassment) may be re-patterned into hewas arrested (imprisoned and embarrassed) or A is the goal of the actionB. · his goodness (kindness, modesty) may be represented as he is good(kind, modest) or В is the quality of A. In Ukrainian: Болільник - той, хто уболіває Зрадник - той, хто зрадив Чайник - те, що призначено (посуд) для заварювання чаю Спільник - той, хто діє спільно з кимсь у незаконній справі Здирник - той, хто здирає, вимагає шляхом примусу і погроз Супутник - той, хто йде, їде разом Могильник - сховище чогось шкідливого, непотрібного, відпрацьованого Намордник - те, що надівають па морду Полярник- той, хто досліджує полярні райони Ливарник - той, хто відливає металеві вироби Хабарник - той, хто бере хабарі Types of transformation differ according to purposes for whichtransformations are used. There are: · permutation · replacement · additiоn (or expansion) · deletion Transformational procedures are also used as will be shown below incomponental analysis of lexical units.Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Distributional Analysis.
Distributional analysis in its various forms is commonly used nowadaysby lexicologists of different schools of thought. By the termdistribution we understand the occurrence of a lexical unit relative toother lexical units of the same level (words relative to words /morphemes relative to morphemes). In other words by this term weunderstand the position which lexical units occupy or may occupy in thetext or in the flow of speech. It is readily observed that a certaincomponent of the word-meaning is described when the word is identifieddistributionally. For example, in the sentence The boy — home themissing word is easily identified as a verb — The boy went, came, ran,home. Thus, we see that the component of meaning that isdistributionally identified is actually the part-of-speech meaning butnot the individual lexical meaning of the word under analysis. It isassumed that sameness / difference in distribution is indicative ofsameness / difference in part-of-speech meaning.Make + a + N - make a coat, a machine, a decision Make + (the) + N + V - make the machine go, make somebody work Make + A - make sure Make + a + A+N - make a good wife.In each of these examples the meaning of make is different. Some ofthese patterns, however, may be used for several meanings of the wordmake, so that the differentiation of meanings is not complete. Compare,for instance, the following sentences, where the pattern make + Nremains unchanged, although our intuition tells us that the meaning ofmake is not the same: A phrase, all elements of which, including the head-word, are coded, iscalled a distributional pattern, for instance to make somebody laugh toV1 Np V2 Another example: Get + N (receive) – get letter Get + Adj (become) – get angry Get + Vinf (start) – get to think In Ukrainian: йде дощ - іти + N явище природи rainfalls йде поїзд - іти + N неістота train runs йде чоловік -іти + N істота man goes (walks)Дата добавления: 2018-05-12; просмотров: 1105; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
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