VI. make up 3-5 questions about each period in Ukrainian history. See if other students can answer them.
Provide the correct answers.
VII. Which period of Ukrainian history requires more substantiated
Research? Which period awakes more disputes among scholars? Prove
Your viewpoint.
UKRAINIAN STYLE
I. Study the following words:
1. resurrection [ ] – воскрешение
2. holy [ ] – святой, священный
3. Hebrew [ ] – еврей
4. Testament [ ] – завет
5. devout [ ] – благочестивый
6. icon [ ] – икона
7. ailment [ ] – недомогание
8. revelry [ ] – бурное веселье
9. abstinence [ ] – воздержание
10. staple[ ] – основная черта, основной продукт
11.dumpling [ ] – клёцка
12.buckwheat [ ] – гречиха
13.flour [ ] – мука
14.toboggan [ ] –кататься на санях
15.carnal [ ] – плотский, телесный
16.penitence [ ] – раскаяние
17.salvation [ ] – спасение
18.substitute [ ] – заменять
19.adorn [ ] – украшать
20.fast [ ] - поститься
II. Read and translate the text
Spring comes to Ukraine rather early, not so much in a seasonal sense but
rather in a spiritual sense – the Orthodox Christians begin to prepare themselves
properly for the Christian holy day of Easter that commemorates Christ’s
resurrection. For Orthodox Christians, it is probably the holiest day of the year
(in Ukrainian, Easter is called "Paskha" – from Latin-Greek “Pasch of Pascha”
derived from Hebrew “pesah” and “Velykden” – “The Great Day”).
Spiritual preparation begins on February 15 (the Ukrainian Orthodox Church
continues to use the Julian calendar which is thirteen days behind the Gregorian
calendar) when Stritennia Hospodne is observed; it is a church festival in
commemoration of the presentation of Christ in the temple and the purification of
the Virgin Mary, (called Candle mass in English). According to on age-old
Ukrainian folk tradition, it is the day when the winter meets the summer halfway.
The sacral meaning of the festival lies in the meeting of the Old and New
Testaments in the persons of Simeon, a devout man of Jerusalem, and of the child
Jesus.
On Stritennia Hospodne the faithful come to church to have the water and
candles they bring with them consecrated. These candles are called
“hromnychny” (“protecting against thunder”) because traditionally they used to
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be lighted and put before icons during the thunderstorms as protection against
lightning striking the house. These days, when the roofs of the houses are no
longer mode of straw and have lightning rods, people use such candles
consecrated by the priest on Stritennia Hospodne as a general protection against
evil. The water consecrated on Stritennya Hospodne is believed to have some
medicinal and curative properties; particularly helpful it is in cases when the
ailment has been caused by the ill-wisher’s “evil eye.”
At the end of February and in early March, Masliana (Mardi Gras) is
observed during the last week before Lent. In some countries it is a carnival
period somewhat extravagantly celebrated (like, for example, in New Orleans,
USA) with music, dance and general revelry. In Ukraine, the celebrations are
generally more restrained but in the past few years they have begun to acquire the
character of a public festival full of merriment and even celebratory abandon.
During Masliana, the Ukrainian church tradition requires abstinence from
meat and that is why the staple diet is mode up of varenyky z syrom (a kind of
dumplings stuffed with cottage cheese and usually served with sour cream) and
hrechani mlyntsi (pancakes mode from buckwheat flour). In the country side,
evening parties are held during the period of Masliana; young people toboggan
down the slopes of hills, build “snow fortresses,” play snowballs and in general
make merry.
Velyky Pist (“Great Fast;” Lent)
It is a period when both the body and soul of the Orthodox Christians are put
to the test. The Orthodox Christian Church established certain restraints to be
observed by the faithful during the seven weeks between Masliana and
Velykden’. It is a period of fasting, abstinence and general self-denial; also, one is
supposed to be particularly careful not to succumb to anger, to avoid offending
anyone by speech or by deed, not to lie, and so on. All kinds of entertainment,
private and public, used to be strictly forbidden (the only kind of music one was
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allowed to listen to was religious singing). No sexual congress was allowed for
married couples (needless to say, extramarital relations were strictly forbidden)
and all carnal thoughts were to be suppressed. Xerophagy was encouraged; meat,
fish and diary products were to be abstained from; oil and wine were allowed in
small quantities on religious feasts and Sundays. In our time, the number of those
who observe the Lenten fast strictly is not too big but it should be remembered
that abstinence and self-denial during Lent are not ends in themselves. Penitence
is the most important part – penitence aimed at the salvation of our immortal
soul.
The first day of Lent is called “pure – or clean – Monday” because on that
day begins “the purification” — the expiation of sins (also, no food is allowed to
be cooked and cooking pots remain “clean”). Every week of Lent has a name: the
first one, for example, is called The Triumph of Orthodoxy.
The Sunday before Passion Week commemorates the solemn and triumphal
entrance of Christ into Jerusalem. “On the next day much people that were come
to the feast, when they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, took branches
of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna...” (John
12:12,13). “Hosanna in highest, blessed He that cometh in the name of the Lord!”
Since no palms grow in Ukraine (except on the southern coast of the Crimea),
budding willow branches are substituted for the palm fronds. Hence the
Ukrainian name for Palm Sunday — Willow of Budding Sunday. The willow
branches are consecrated in church and then people’s homes are adorned with
them.
III. Answer the questions:
1. What did the word “Paskha” derive from?
2. When is Stritennia Hospodne observed? Tell about the history of the holiday.
3. Can you list peculiarities of Triennia’s celebration in Ukraine?
4. How are “hromnychny” used and what for? What do you know about the
consecrated candles?
5. What holiday is celebrated during last week before Lent? Give all the possible
variants of naming.
6. What dishes does the diet during Masliana exclude?
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7. How long does Velyky Post last?
8. Why is it so difficult to fast during Velyky Post?
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9. Can you name the most important part of Lent?
10.What historical events does the Sunday before Passion Week commemorate?
IV. Give the synonyms to the words:
1. ailment (n)
2. adorn (adj)
3. properly (adv)
4. merriment (n)
5. abstinence (n)
6. mlyntsi (n)
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