Examination questions in Special Virology
Examination questions in Special Microbiology
For English medium International Medical Faculty students (2021-2022)
Special Bacteriology
1. Meningococci. Characteristic features, pathogenic factors, serogroups. Pathogenesis of meningococcal infections. Laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis.
2. Gonococci. Characteristic features, pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of gonorrhea and blennorhea. Laboratory diagnosis of gonococcal infections. Treatment and prophylaxis.
3. Staphylococci. Classification, characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Role of staphylococci in pyogenic and nosocomial diseases. Laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal infections. Specific treatment and prophylaxis.
4. Streptococci. Classification, main groups and serogroups. Characteristic features, pathogenic factors. Role of streptococci in purulent and non-purulent diseases development. Laboratory diagnosis of streptococcal infections. Treatment and prophylaxis.
5. Escherichia. Characteristic features. Types of diarrheagenic Escherichia. Pathogenic factors and pathogenesis of acute enteric infections. Laboratory diagnosis of escherichiosis. Prophylaxis.
6. Escherichia. Characteristic features. Types of uropathogenic Escherichia, pathogenic factors and pathogenesis of infections. Types of Escherichi, that cause bacteremia and septicemia, pathogenic factors and pathogenesis of infections. Laboratory diagnosis of escherichiosis. Prophylaxis.
7. Shigella. Classification. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of dysentery. Laboratory diagnosis of dysentery. Treatment and prophylaxis.
8. Salmonella classification. Characteristic features and pathogenic factors of causative agent of typhoid fever. Pathogenesis of typhoid fever. Laboratory diagnosis. Detection of carriers. Treatment and prophylaxis.
9. Salmonella classification. Characteristic features and pathogenic factors of causative agents of acute gastroenteritis. Pathogenesis of acute gastroenteritis.. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis. Role of salmonella in nosocomial infections.
10. Yersinia – etiological agents of plague, pseudotuberculosis, and enterocolitis. Characteristic features and pathogenic factors of Y.pesis. Pathogenesis of the disease. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis.
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11. Vibrio cholerae. Biovars. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of cholerae. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment, general and specific prophylaxis.
12. Helicobacter pylori, properties, pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis.
13. Etiological agent of anthrax. Characteristic features. Pathogenicity factors. Pathogenicity Pathogenesis of anthrax. Types of clinical manifestation of anthrax. Immunity. Laboratory diagnosis. Specific therapy. General and specific prophylaxis.
14. Clostridia that cause botulism. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and specific prophylaxis of botulism.
15. Clostridia species that cause tetanus. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and specific prophylaxis of tetanus.
16. Clostridia species that cause deep anaerobic wound infections and gas gangrene. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and specific prophylaxis of gas gangrene.
17. Corynebacterium diphtheria. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Genetic determinants of pathogenicity. Pathogenesis of disease. Carrier-state. Laboratory diagnosis. Specific therapy and prophylaxis.
18. Mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of disease. Features of the immunity. Tuberculin test. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment. Specific prophylaxis.
19. Pathogenic treponemas. Treponema pallidum – causative agent of syphilis. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of syphilis. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis.
20. Pathogenic Borrelia. Characteristic features. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of epidemic and endemic relapsing fevers. Laboratory diagnosis of epidemic and endemic relapsing fevers. Prophylaxis.
21. Pathogenic Borrelia. Characteristic features. Etiological agents of Lyme disease. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of the disease. Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Prophylaxis.
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22. Leptospira. Characteristic features. Pathogenicity factors. Pathogenesis of leptospirosis. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis.
23. Rickettsia. Characteristic features. Methods for culturing in the laboratory. Rickettsia prowazekii, pathogenicity factors. Pathogenesis of epidemic typhus and Brill-Zinsser disease. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis.
24. Chlamydia. Characteristic features. Growth cycle. Culture of Chlamydia. Etiological agent of ornithosis. Pathogenesis. Chlamydia trachomatis. Role of certain serovars in genitourinary chlamydiosis, infant infections. Methods for laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis.
25. Mycoplasma. Characteristic structural and growth properties. Mycoplasma pneumonia. Pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections and genitourinary tract infections. Role of mycoplasmas in pregnant woman infections. Methods for laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis.
26. Haemophilus influenza, their properties. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of the infection. Methods for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis
27. Legionella – causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. Pathogenesis of the infection. Methods for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis
28. Pathogenic Fungi. Pathogenic factors. Pathogenesis of infections. Classification of Myoses. Therapy and prevention.
29. Genus Candida. Morphological and structural features. Pathogenesis of the disease. Factors predisposing for Candida infections. Methods used for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment and prophylaxis.
30. Nosocomial diseases, factors predisposing to hospital-acquired diseases. Significance of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in etiology of nosocomial infections. Generation of hospital strains of microorganisms. Prevention of nosocomial infections. Microbiological control in health care units.
Examination questions in Special Virology
1. Picornaviruses. Classification. Genus Enterovirus. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Poliovirus. Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis. Laboratory diagnosis. Immunity. Specific prophylaxis of poliomyelitis.
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2. Picornaviruses. Classification. Genus Enterovirus. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Coxsackie, and ECHO virus infections. Laboratory diagnosis. Immunity. Prophylaxis.
3. Hepatitis A and E viruses. Taxonomy. Morphology and structure of the virions. Pathogenesis of HAV and HEV infections. Laboratory diagnosis. General prophylaxis. Passive and active immunoprophylaxis of HAV infection.
4. Orthomyxoviruses. Classification of influenza viruses. Nomenclature. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication.
5. Orthomyxoviruses. Antigenic structure and variability of influenza viruses. Pathogenesis of influenza. Immunity. Laboratory diagnosis. Methods of rapid diagnosis. Antiviral drugs. Prophylaxis.
6. Paramyxoviruses. Classification. Genera Rubulovirus and Respirovirus. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of mumps and parainfluenza. Methods of laboratory diagnosis. Specific prevention of mumps.
7. Paramyxoviruses. Classification. Genus Morbilivirus. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Antigenic variability. Pathogenesis of measles and SSPE. Methods of laboratory diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis.
8. Adenoviruses. Classification. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of adenovirus infections. Immunity. Laboratory diagnosis. Antiviral drugs. Prophylaxis.
9. Hepatitis B and D viruses. Morphology and structure of the virions. Peculiarities of reproduction. Latency. Oncogenicity. Pathogenesis of hepatitis C infection.. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis.
10. Hepatitis C and G. Taxonomy. Morphology and structure of the virions. Peculiarities of reproduction. Latency. Oncogenicity. Pathogenesis of the diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis.
11. Herpesviruses of Alpha-herpesviruses. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of the diseases caused by HSV-1. Antiviral drugs. Prophylaxis.
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12. Herpesviruses of Alpha-herpesviruses. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of the diseases caused by HSV-2. Antiviral drugs. Prophylaxis.
13. Herpesviruses of Alpha-herpesviruses. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of the diseases caused by varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral drugs. Prophylaxis.
14. Herpesviruses of Beta-herpesviruses (CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7). Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of the CMV infection. CMV infections in immunocompromised patients. Infection of pregnant woman and infants. Laboratory diagnosis. Antiviral drugs.
15. Herpesviruses of Gamma-herpesviruses (EBV, HHV-8). Culture and replication. Affinity to lymphoid tissues. Pathogenesis of infections. Laboratory diagnosis. Antiviral drugs.
16. Classification of Retroviridae Family. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Morphology and structure of the virion. Viral genome structure. Culture and replication. Antigenic variations.
17. Culture and replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Pathogenesis of HIV infection. Mechanism of immunodeficiency development (AIDS). Clinical manifestation.
18. Classification of Anti-retroviral drugs and mechanism of action. General prophylaxis and prevention of the HIV-infection.
19. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV-infection and AIDS on different stages of the disease.
20. Rubella virus, morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of rubella. Abnormalities in fetus as a result of pregnant woman infection. Specific prophylaxis.
21. Arboviruses. Members of Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae. Morphology and structure of the virions. Culture and replication. Natural foci (hosts, vectors). Pathogenesis of the infections. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis. Active and passive immunoprophylaxis.
22. Arboviruses. Members of Flaviviridae. Morphology and structure of the virions. Culture and replication. Natural foci (hosts, vectors). Pathogenesis of diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis. Active and passive immunoprophylaxis.
23. Rhabdovirus. Classification. Rabies virus. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of the disease. Laboratory diagnosis. Specific prophylaxis.
24. Coronavirus. Causative agent of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Morphology and structure of the coronavirus’virion. Pathogenesis and clinical features of the COVID-19. Laboratory diagnosis. Rapid diagnostic tests. Treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19.
25. Filoviruses. Ebola and Marburg viruses as causative agents of hemorrhagic fever. Morphology and structure. Reproduction. Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. Laboratory diagnosis. Prophylaxis and control.
26. Orthopoxviruses. Variola virus. Morphology and structure of the virion. Culture and replication. Pathogenesis of smallpox. Laboratory diagnosis. Vaccinia virus. Eradication of smallpox.
27. Slow viral infections, their characteristic. Predisposing factors and conditions for the viral persistence. Clinical features of measles virus SSPE, rubella virus progressive panencephalitis, subacute herpetic encephalitis. Laboratory diagnosis.
28. Prions as etiological agents of slow infections, characteristics. Characteristic features. Pathogenesis of prion diseases (scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru). Prophylaxis.
29. DNA-containing oncogenic viruses. Classification. Mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
30. RNA-containing oncogenic viruses. Classification. Mechanism of viral oncogenesis.
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