The Political System of Russia
Russia is a federal semi-presidential state. It has a republican form of government and a centralized political system. The power is divided among the legislative, executive and judicial branches.
The executive power is concentrated in the President and the Prime Minister, although the President is dominant as the head of the state. The President of Russia is elected by the people for a term of 6 years.
The President is the chairman of his consultative bodies: the State Council and the Security Council and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President determines basic domestic and foreign policies of the Russian Federation and he can veto draft bills.
The legislature in Russia is represented by the bicameral Federal Assembly. It consists of the State Duma (the lower house) and the Federation Council (the upper house). The Federal Assembly makes federal law, approves treaties and declares war. All bills must be first considered by the State Duma.
The judicial power in Russia is exercised by the courts and administered by the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Court of Russia is at the highest level. The judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the High Arbitration Court are appointed by the Federation Council.
The Russian political system is multiparty. The party with its majority in the parliament can form the Russian government.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) occupies the British Isles and consists of 4 parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The country has the population of 60 million people within the land area of 244 thousand square kilometers. The isles are washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and in the west and by the English Channel in the south. The UK is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea. Great Britain is separated from Northern Ireland by the Irish Sea and the North Channel.
There are many beautiful lakes and mountains in Scotland and England. The highest point in the Highlands is Ben Nevis (1 340 metres). The longest river flows in England, it is the Severn. Thanks to the warm waters of Gulf Stream the island is very green and the British climate is mild. Local summers are rather hot and winters are not cold.
The capital of Great Britain is London. It stands on the Thames river. The country is a constitutional monarchy and officially the Queen is the Head of state. But it is ruled by the Prime Minister and the government. The legislative body is the Parliament which consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
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The UK is a highly developed industrial state. The chief industries are shipbuilding, fishing and mining, production of aircraft equipment, electronics, textile and chemicals. The country is the world’s largest exporter of iron and steel goods. The most important industrial cities of Great Britain are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Liverpool, Leeds, Edinburgh.
Customs and Traditions
Every nation becomes special by means of its own traditions and customs. When we think of Great Britain, we often think of people drinking white tea, eating fish and chips, sitting by the fireplace or wearing bowler hats, but there is much more in Britain than just those things.
British holidays (Christmas, Easter, Guy Fawkes Night, Remembrance Day) are especially rich in old traditions and customs. A traditional Christmas dinner consists of roast turkey and potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet mince pies and Christmas pudding.
One of Englishmen’s traditions is their tender love for animals. Pets are members of English families and are protected by law. There are even special cemeteries for animals in Great Britain. Most English people love their gardens too. They enjoy gardening and decorating their houses with beautiful flowers and plants.
Sports play an essential part in the life of Britain and it is a popular leisure activity. Rugby, golf, cricket, polo and horse-racing are British national sports and they are played on village greens and in towns on Sundays.
Politeness and punctuality are typical features of all British people. They often say “Sorry”, “Please” and “Thank you” with a smiling face and they always try to arrive on time.
Technological Progress
For centuries people have been inventing things to make life easier. Among the greatest inventions of the past are the automobile, the steam engine, the electricity, the telephone and television.
Today we live in the world of machines and computers. Every day more and more gadgets appear and all of them make our life easier. Some of the new inventions have become so affordable and common, that now people cannot imagine life without them. For example, the mobile phone has turned from an expensive portable phone into an inexpensive data, e-mail, and voice service that almost anyone can afford. Today's mobiles fit in a pocket and can replace a computer.
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Another example of modern high-tech inventions is the Internet. Almost every company in the world has its own website. The Internet provides any kind of information on any topic. The Internet gives a very good opportunity to shop, book rooms and flights, watch films, listen to music and many other things. The Internet also gives an opportunity to make new friends and find old ones thanks to social networking sites such as Facebook or Vkontakte.
Surely, these new inventions are not the last ones that humanity has developed and many others will be developed year upon year.
Environmental Protection
Our planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it's the only place where we can live.
People always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem.
With the development of overcrowded industrial highly developed cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into surrounds, the problem has become more and more dangerous. Today our planet is in serious danger. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, and overpopulation are the problems that threaten human lives on the Earth.
Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues, one day we won't have enough oxygen to breathe, we won't see a beautiful green forest at all.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in our seas.
Fortunately, it's not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to make our planet a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered animals.
We can recycle our wastes; persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.
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Mass Media
The mass media play an important role in our lives. Newspapers, radio and especially television informs us about what is happening in this world and gives us great opportunities for education and entertainment. They also influence how we see the world and shape our views.
Of course, not all newspapers and television programs report events objectively, but serious journalists try to be honest and provide us with reliable information.
The world today is indeed full of dramatic events and most news releases bring bad news. But people are not interested in ordinary events. That is why so many articles and programs are devoted to natural disasters, accidents, and wars. The good news doesn't usually make headlines. The bad news is doing.
The main source of news for millions of people is still television. People like television news because they can see everything with their own eyes. However, many people prefer the radio. They like to listen to it in the car or outdoors. Newspapers do not respond to events as fast as television, but they usually provide us with additional information.
Recently, the Internet has become another important source of information. Its main advantage is that the news appears on the screen as soon as something happens in real life, and you do not need to wait for the news on TV.
The Internet
Just a century ago we didn’t even know about computers and the Internet. I think that the Internet (or WorldWideWeb) is the greatest invention ever and it has made a significant impact on our lives.
Nowadays the Internet is affordable almost for anyone and it connects people all around the world. You can stay in touch with your friends, relatives and colleagues. Our modern life will stop without the net because it helps to make on-line business transactions, manage our bank accounts, pay our gas or electricity bills and send important e-mails, for example.
The Internet is the largest source of information. There are millions of Internet sites storing plenty of useful data about everything: science, history, psychology, sports, fashion, music, cooking and many other subjects. We can also download our favourite movies or songs, listen to radio channels or play games. Learning or practising foreign languages is possible with the Internet too.
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The Internet saves our time and money. We can do on-line shopping choosing the desirable thing at the best price. We often don’t need to go to the library: surfing the net can easily help us to find and open the book we need. It takes just a few seconds to send an instant message by e-mail.
The Internet helps shy people or those with low-esteem to find each other on dating sites.
I am sure that the Internet has changed our life for the better. There is only one disadvantage about it: some people become rather addicted to it and spend all days long surfing the net, on-line dating or playing games. Over-using the net can be dangerous because new technology victims start neglecting their families, friends, work and real hobbies.
Art and Culture
Art reflects feelings and emotions, brings delight and admiration. When speaking about the arts, we connect with culture.
Russia is a country that can boast of its artistic and cultural traditions Its museums attract tourists from all over the world
The Hermitage is famous all over the world for its valuable rare collections of canvases and other art objects. It comprises masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens and others. People come to admire the collections of sculpture, tapestry, textiles, weapons, ivory, pottery.
We must also mention the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. The Tretyakov Gallery reflects the whole history of Russian art. It has a rich collection of early Russian paintings and icons including the world-famous "The Trinity" by Andrey Rublev
Speaking about arts, we should not forget about music, especially classical music. Outstanding Russian composers have made the whole world admire their music. Everybody knows Tchaikovsky, Glinka and Rimsky-Korsakov.
Russia is world-famous for its literature. The "golden age" of Russian literature began in the 19th century when such outstanding masters of letters as Pushkin, Lermontoy, Gogol, Turgenev and Dostoyevsky created their immortal masterpieces.
Russia is also rich in young talent. We can hear new voices in music and poetry, see new canvases by modern artists, works of great actors and film directors. All of them will make their contribution into Russian culture and art.
My Future Profession
The end of school is the start of our independent life and the beginning of the most serious examination we have passed. In order to do well at this examination it is necessary to choose the right road in life which will help us best to live and work for own good and for the benefit of our country.
The problem of choosing the future profession has always been very important. The profession а person chooses in many ways determines his future life. This is а universal problem of our epoch. Every generation in this or that way comes across it. For most people choosing а career is not an easy task. It is one of the most important decisions one makes in life. The properly chosen career makes а person happy and successful for the rest of his life.
Nowadays I am studying at Serpukhov l college. There аге many specialities in my college.
Мy future profession is Radio Assembling.
Mу first namе is Roma. Mу surname is Smirnov. I аm 17 years old. Nowadays I аm studying at Serpukhov college. I аm а full-time student. I аm in а Radio-АssеmbIing faculty. I am in the first уеаr.
I want mу profession to bе connected with technical devices. The specialty of radio-assembler is very important today. There аrе mаnу technical devices in our life. The students of our college learn to repair and adjust ТV-sets, radio-sets mobile telephones and other instruments. I аm sure that knowledge of English could bе great help in mу саrееr connected with technical devices.
Маnу broad ways will ореn before young specialists when they leave а technical college. Everybody will have а chance to develop and use knowledge and education received during the college years.
Food and Meals
Food plays a very important role for everyone and different nations eat different meals, but the majority of countries have 3 main courses of meal: breakfast, lunch and dinner.
The usual breakfast consists of different baked products, sweets, tea or coffee. The majority of people have breakfast between 8 and 9 hours.
The next eating occasion is at about 12 hours and is considered, as the main one. During this time, people eat different kinds of soups, meat, fish, potato; vegetables and fruits are also very popular.
People have dinner at 6p.m, when they return home from work. Such dinner is also considered as a rich meal. People prefer different kinds of bakery and dairy products like cheese, or sour milk, salads, tea or mineral water.
Every county has its cuisine that has been forming for centuries. It depends on the territory of the country and what kinds of animals, fish and birds are spread over there. The climate plays an important role as well.
For example, the Russians are used to long cold winters that’s why we eat a lot of hot porridge and soups and drink hot tea with jam, kissel and sider. The Japanese are used to rice, seafood and sake and they will find Russian food quite weird. But even though we are born in one country we still like foreign cuisine because we have different liking.
There are a lot of different kinds of food and drinks in the world. Even when we are cooking something at home we create something unique because there are no 2 dishes that are 100% same. And I think it’s great because we can try something new everyday.
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