The voice distinctions of the participle.
The non-finite forms of the verb (verbals). The characteristic traits
of the verbals.
The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being called verbals. They can’t be used as the predicate of a sentence.
Like the finite forms the verbals have tense and voice distinctions.
There are 3 verbals in English: the participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
In Russian we also have 3 non-finite forms of the verb (прич, дееприч, инфинитив)
! ! ! Sometimes no distinction is made between Participle I and the gerund. Both forms are referred to as ‘-ing forms’.
The characteristic traits of the verbals:
- They have a double nature, nominal and verbal. The Participle combines the characteristics of a verb and adj; the gerund and the infinitive combine the characteristics of a verb and noun.
- The tense distinctions of the verbals aren’t absolute, but relative; the form of a verbal doesn’t show whether the action refers to the present, past or future; it shows only whether the action expressed by the verbal is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it.
- All the verbals can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions consisting of two elements, a nominal and a verbal. In most cases predicative constructions form syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence.
They sat down to supper, Manston still talking cheerfully.
Manston still talking cheerfully is a predicative construction with a participle: the participle talking stands in predicate relation to the noun Manston, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.
In the sentence a verbal may occur:
a. singly.
She went away smiling.
- in phrases. These phrases form syntactic units serving as one part of the sentence.
A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction.
The windows of the room opened to a balcony overlooking the garden.
- in pred. constructions.
My mistress being dead…, I had to look out for a new place.
2.The Participle. The two participles in English. The verbal and
adjectival characteristics of the Participle I and Participle II.
Tense and voice distinctions of the participle.
The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and adj/adv character.
There are 2 Participles in Engl - Participle I and II.
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! ! ! Participle I doesn’t necessarily refer to the present, Participle II needn't refer to the past. The difference between them isn’t a difference in tense, but in voice.
Participle I is formed by adding suff. -ing to the stem of the verb;
a. If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding the suff. - ing: to give - giving.
b. If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound, the final cons. is doubled: to run - running
A final l is doubled if it’s preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel - expelling.
- The Participle I of the verbs to die, to lie, to tie -- dying, lying, tying.
! ! ! A final y isn’t changed before adding the suff. - ing: to comply - complying.
The participle has a verbal and adj character. Its adj. character is manifested in its syntactic functions.
I hated the hollow sound of the rain patterning on the roof. (ATTRIBUTE)
! Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become adjectives: interesting, charming, alerming, etc., complicated, distinguished, furnished, etc. E.g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the alarming news.
The verbal characteristics of the participle:
- Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door, he went out on the terrace.
2. Part. I and II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out.
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.
The tense distinctions of the participle.
- participle I Indef Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can’t help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, I couldn’t help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you’ll roar with laughter.
2. Part. I Indef. can denote an action referring to no partic. time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath.
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3. Part. I Perf. Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expr-d by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees… began to eat and drink.
4. with some verbs of sense perception and motion - to see, to hear, to come etc, Part. I Indef. is used when priority is meant.
Turning down a street and entering a lane, he went up to a smith’s shop.
5. Part. II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expr-d by the finite verb.
His sister’s eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur.
6. Part. II can denote an action referring to no partic. time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
The voice distinctions of the participle.
Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice.
When writing he doesn’t like to be disturbed.
Being written in pencil letters.
Having written some letters he went to post them.
Having been written long ago manuscripts.
Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning - a broken glass. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning - a withered flower.
9.Infinitive Constructions. The Objective-with- the-Infinitive
Construction. The use of the objective-with-the-infinitive
construction.
Predicative constr-s with the inf:
- The Objective-with- the-Infinitive Construction.
- the Subjective Inf Construction
- the for - to - Inf Construction
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