THE FIRST CONCRETE SRYRCRAPER IN THE WORLD

Контрольная работа

Вар и ант 1

1. Запишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. My question (is answered, was answered, has been answered) yesterday.
2. Hockey (is played, was played, has been played) in winter.
3. Mushrooms (is gathered, are gathered, have been gathered) in autumn.
4. Many houses (are burnt, were burnt, is burnt) during the Great Fire of London.
5. Flowers (are sold, were sold, was sold) in shops and in the streets.
6. St. Petersburg (was found, has been found, is found) in 1703.
7. Bread (is eaten, will be sent, was eaten, were eaten) every day.
8. The letter (is received, was received, has been received) yesterday.
9. His new book (is finished, will be finished, was finished) next year.
10. Nick (is sent, will be sent, was sent) to Moscow next year.
11. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing, were playing) the piano in the sitting room.
12. He said he (will come, would come, comes) to the station to see me off.
13. I was sure he (posted, had posted, was posted) the letter.
14. I think the weather (will be, would be, is) fine next week.
15. Victor said he (is, was, were) very busy.
16. We didn’t know where our friends (go, went, has gone).
17. Frank said that he (was, is, were) taking the shower at that time.
18. Andy says that his parents (will, would) buy him a puppet.
19. Diana told her cousin that she (bought, had bought, buys) a new dress the day before.
20. He said that he had seen Mike (yesterday, the day before).

 

 

2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

The majority of building codes divide buildings into classes based upon the manner of their construction, use, or occupancy.

The following division into classes applies to the manner of construction:

1. Frame construction.

2. Non-fireproof constructions:

(a) Ordinary construction;

(b)Slow-burning construction.

3. Fireproof construction.

 

Frame construction embraces all buildings with exterior walls of wooden framework sheathed with wood shingles or siding; veneered with brick, stone, or terra cotta; or covered with stucco or sheet metal. Such buildings naturally have floors and partitions of wood and are considered as comprising the most inflammable type of construction.

Non-fireproof construction includes all buildings with exterior walls of masonry but with wood floor construction and partitions. Slow-burning construction designates heavy timber framing designed as far as possible to be fire resistant, the heavy beams and girders of large dimension proving far less inflammable than the slender joists of ordinary construction.

Fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of incombustible material throughout, with floors of iron, steel, or reinforced concrete beams, filled in between with terra cotta or other masonry arches or with concrete slabs. Wood may be used only for under and upper floors, window and door frames, sash, doors, and interior finish. In buildings of great height the flooring must be of incombustible material and the sash, doors, frames, and interior finish of metal.

Вариант 2

1. Запишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I (am asked, will be asked, was asked) at the lesson yesterday.
2. I (was given, is given, will be given) a very interesting book at the library last Friday.
3. Many houses (are built, were built, will be built) in our town every year.
4.  This work (is done, was done, will be done) tomorrow.
5. This text (is translated, was translated, will be translated) at the last lesson.
6. These trees (are planted, were planted, will be planted) last autumn.
7. Many interesting games (are, were, will be) always played at our PT lessons.
8. This bone (will be given, is given, was given) to my dog tomorrow.
9. We (was invited, were invited, will be invited) to a concert last Saturday.
10. Rome (is not built, was not built, will not be built) in a day.
11. I knew that he (is, was, were) a very clever man.
12. I want to know what he (has bought, had bought, was bought) for her birthday.
13. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen, was seen) at the museum.
14. He said he (is staying, was staying, were staying) at the Ritz Hotel.
15. The interviewer asked Boris where he (has gone, had gone, went) to school.
16.  Ann asked him where he (worked, had worked, has worked).
17.  Our teacher said that the Sun (is, was, were) a star.
18.  Liz says that her younger brother (will, would, go) to school in a year.
19.  He said that he had got his passport (a year ago, the previous year).
20. The teacher says the pupils (are, were, was) writing a dictation at the moment

2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

FLOOR LOADS

Before calculating the required sizes of beams, girders, or columns to support the weights upon them it is necessary first to determine the weights or loads supported by the structure. These consist of the dead loads and the live loads. By dead load is meant the weight of the construction itself, the walls, floors, ceilings, roof, and permanent partitions. By live load is meant the weight of the furniture, equipment, occupants, stored material, snow on the roof, and movable partitions. The live loads should include all except the dead loads. Wind pressure, really a lateral load, is often classed as a live load but may be considered as producing a separate stress. The various building codes specify the weights per square or cubic foot stone, plaster, other structural materials comprising the dead loads. They likewise regulate the live load per square foot, which depends on the use or occupancy of the building and which must be employed in the weights upon structural members.

Вариант 3

1. Запишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. At the station they will (meet, be met, meets) by a man from the travel bureau.
2. The rule explained by the teacher at the last lesson (was, will be, is) understood by all of us.
3. The poem was so beautiful that it (was, will be, would be) learnt by everybody.
4. The room (was cleaned, had been cleaned, will be cleaned) by the time I came.
5. The letter (has, had, will have) just been typed.
6. She showed me the picture which (was painted, were painted, had been painted) by her husband.
7. He (had been, has been, will have been) told everything, so he knows what to do.
8. I live in a very old town which (is, have been, was) surrounded by beautiful woods.
9. Visitors (were asked, is asked, have been asked) to keep the woods clean.
10. They (were shown, are shown, showed) their rooms yesterday.
11. They realized that they (lost, had lost, has lost) their way in the dark.
12.  He asked me where I (studied, has studied, study).
13.  I thought that I (shall finish, finish, should finish) my work at that time.
14.  He says he (works, worked, has worked) at school two years ago.
15. He answered that he (has graduated, had graduated, graduated) from a specialized English school and financial college.
16.  Ann mentioned that her English (was, were, is) good.
17.  The manager said the delegation (would, will, will have) arrive tomorrow.
18.  Clive said he (has, have, had) an uncle in (this, that) city.
19.  Jack said that he (would, will, will have) bring (this, that) book.
20.  The king (said, ordered, told) his soldiers to win the battle.

 

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ROOF LOADS

On flat roofs and those of slight pitch the snow load will be at the maximum and the wind pressure at the minimum. As the pitch of the roof increases, the snow load will decrease and the wind load increase. The Boston building law includes the following regulations:

Roofs shall be designed to support safely minimum live loads as follows:

Roofs with 4 in. or less per foot, a vertical load of 40 pf of horizontal projection.

Roofs with pitch of more than 4 and not more than 8 in. per foot, a vertical load of 15 in. pf of horizontal projection, and a wind load of 10 psi of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two loads being assumed to act either together or separately.

Roofs with pitch of more than load of 15 vertical of 10 pf of horizontal projection, and wind being as- of surface acting at right angles to one slope, these two loads are assumed to act either together or separately. Roofs with pitch of more than 12 in. per foot, a vertical load of 5in. pf of horizontal projection, and a wind load of 20 in. pf of surface acting at right angles to one slope; these two loads are assumed to act together or separately.

The expected snow load naturally varies in different parts of the country, as exhibited by the requirements of the local building codes.

 

 

Вариант 4

1. Запишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This shop (will open, will have been opened, would open) by June.
2. The children (is looked, are looked, has looked) after.
3. This book (will be bought, were bought, has been bought) tomorrow.
4. We (are told, were told, has told) many interesting things by the professor last week.
5. New industrial buildings (were built, are being built, is built) now.
6. The books (will bring, has brought, will be brought) to the library in two weeks.
7. She watched television while dinner (was being prepared, is prepared, will be prepared).
8. Their cousins (were being fined, were fined, have fined) for exciding speed limit three days ago.
9. The Great Pyramids (were visited, have been visited, are visited) by thousands of tourists every year.
10. New windows (was put up, are being put up, were put up) in our office now.
11. He hoped he (would get, will get, had got) a job at the company.
12. He said that he (knew, had known, knows) your friend.
13. She thought that you (has passed, will have passed, had passed) your examination in physics.
14.  They knew you (had graduated, would graduate, graduate) from the institute the next year.
15. He said that he (works, will work, worked) very hard.
16. The teacher asked if you (could, can, will be able to) write English.
17. Mark says that he (has, had, have) six lessons every day.
18. My friend said that he (is, was, are) in a hurry.
19. She told him that she (can, could, will be able) drive a car.
20. My granny says she (is, was, were) baking a cake.

 

 

2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

The world has suddenly become aware of the great resources of and their potential for providing many of man's most pressing needs energy, food, transport, minerals and waste- disposal. However the seas present an extremely hostile environment, requiring cooperative efforts by many engineering disciplines in order to achieve the necessary structures.

These structures must be strong, safe, durable and economical. Rein- forced prestressed concrete meets these criteria extremely well for many of the proposed structures, both fixed and floating. These include drilling, breakwaters, ocean pipelines, offshore nuclear power plants; ocean bridges and tunnels; offshore airports and terminals; Arctic barges, ships and floating stable platforms; offshore expositions and even cities; sea floor chambers etc.

 

Вариант 5

1. Запишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. The missing jewelry (had just been found, has just been found, have found).
2. This church is three hundred years old. How long (is, were, was) this church being built).
3. Have they caught the thief yet? – No, the thief (was being chased, is being chased, has been chased) at the moment.
4. The carpets (have just been vacuumed, were vacuumed, are vacuumed).
5. All the issues of this magazine (has been sold, have been sold, had been sold) by 6 o’clock yesterday evening.
6. The fence (will be painted, will have been painted, are painted) by 4 o’clock tomorrow.
7. Your mobile phone (has been repaired, will have been repaired, is repaired) by 5 o’clock tomorrow evening.
8. When the guests came, the table (has already been sent up, had already been sent up, will have been sent up).
9. This project (will be finished, will have been finished, was finished) by next Friday.
10. The roof of your house (hasn’t been painted, wasn’t painted, hadn’t been painted) before the rain started.
11. She wanted to know whether you (has, have, had) completed your work the day before.
12. She said she (had, have, has) seen that magazine in our library.
13.  We knew that the young writer (was, is, are) working on a novel.
14. They thought I (can, could, will be able to) to drive a car.
15. The boy said he (has, have, had) scarcely enough money to return home.
16. I knew he (is, was, are) experimenting for hours.
17. They said they (have, had, has) seen that film.
18. The doctor said I (must, have to, had to) take a cold shower.
19. Eric told me that we (will, would, will have) receive the invitations in some days.
20. The manager says that he (has, had, have) already prepared all the documents.

2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE FIRST CONCRETE SRYRCRAPER IN THE WORLD

The first reinforced concrete skyscraper in the world was 1902-03 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 16-storey structure demonstrated for the first time the safety and economy of reinforced concrete frames for high-rise construction, and was a vital stimulus for using reinforced concrete in fireproof construction.

Concrete was chosen as the structural material chiefly for economics; it offered the equivalent of steel frames in load bearing capacity and other physical properties, yet was somewhat lower in cost. Engineers all over the world watched with great interest as construction proceeded smoothly along its 16-storey route. Today this building is recognized by engineers as having revolutionized the building industry.

 

II. ТЕКСТЫ

TIMBER

Timber is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel timber is lighter, cheaper, easier to work and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, timber has certain disadvantages. First, it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays. At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. In building timber is used too. Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. Hardwoods are chiefly used for decorative purposes, as for panelling, veneering in furniture, and some of them are selected for structural use because of their high strength and durability. In modern construction timber is often used for window and door frames, flooring, fences and gates, wall plates, for temporary buildings and unpainted internal woodwork.

 

ALUMINIUM IN STRUCTURES

Aluminium is not a new material. Probably the first example of large-scale structural use of aluminium was in 1933 when the floor steel work of a large road bridge in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was replaced with aluminium and the resulting saving in dead weight about 1 ton/ft run enabled the bridge to carry with greater safety the increased loads of modern traffic. Apart from the construction of aircraft, aluminium has thus a structural history of about only half a century. Extensive use of aluminium in buildings such as aircraft hangers did not occur until about 30 years ago.

In many ways aluminium has been slow in making progress, mainly because of its cost; it is produced by electrolytic means which requires cheap hydro-electric power. About 10 units of electricity are required to make 1 lb. New reduction plants of large capacity have been coming into service in many parts of the world and these provide increased production with improved efficiency. The use of aluminium in structures may well expand in corresponding manner as simultaneous advances are being made with the development of improved aluminium materials and products. The principal virtues of aluminium are lightness combined with strength and freedom from corrosion. The extent to which the latter two properties are developed depends on the alloy concerned.

METALS AND CONCRETE

All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals include iron, steel and its alloys. Metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some her element. Metals, in general, and especially ferrous metals a of good importance in variations metals have specific

Metals possess the following properties: 1) All of them have metallic lustre. 2) They can be forged. 3) Metals can be pulled. 4) All metals, except mercury, are hard substances. 5) They can be melted. 6) In general, metals are good conductors of electricity

These characteristics are possessed by metals but the metals themselves differ from one another. Steel and cast iron are referred to the group of ferrous metals. Cast iron is the cheapest of the ferrous metals chiefly used in building for compressed members of construction, the supporting members.

When an engineer designs a steelwork he must consider carefully that the frame and every part of it should safely carry all the loads imposed upon it. It is steel and metal that is employed as reinforcement in modern ferroconcrete structures. In the curriculum of the Institute there is a special course on metal structures.

 

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