SOURCES OF FORMATION OF THE HISTORICAL MEMORY ABOUT THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
Ogarkova Elena Vladimirovna
Candidate of Sciences ( History)
Associate Professor of Russian Language at the Volgograd State Technical University
elen-ogar kova@yandex.ru
28 Lenin Prospect, 400005, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article summarizes the author’s survey that support the scientists’ conclusion about “visual turn” in the history science, that affects different spheres of historical knowledge and first of all, study of everyday life culture. The author tells about discussion problems in the study of the Battle of Stalingrad that can be supported or rebutted by studying new sources, for example, documents of private
origin - letters, diaries, memories, as well as art sources - posters, leaflets, front drawings, etc. It is concluded that all ways of studying the history of the great battle on the Volga are a base of formation of memory about the Great Patriotic War.
Key words: source base, historical memory, visual sources, oral history.
¶ahhae ctatae o6o6yaet ha6ndgehme mctopmka, kotopɵu bobneueh m b o6- pasobatenahɵu mpoyecc, m b momckm myseuhou kohyemymm pempesehtaymm bo- ehhofo mpomnofo Poccmm. 3tm ha6ndgehme mogtbepwgadt bɵbogɵ yuehɵx o
«bmsyanahom mobopote» b mctopmueckou hayke m b pasnmuhɵx kommemopatmbhɵx mpaktmkax. B 3amaghou Ebpome m b CHA stot mobopot hametmnce b 1960-e m 70-e fogɵ XX beka. Oh satpohyn pasnmuhɵe cØepɵ mctopmueckofo shahme, mpe- wge bcefo msyuehme kynatypɵ mobceghebhoctm [1].
B Poccmm stot mpoyecc sagepwance, ho gobonaho mhtehcmbho hauan pasbm- batace b moctcobetckoe bpeme. Bo-mepbɵx, 6ɵnm mpekpachɵe hayuhɵe kohtaktɵ yuehɵx ms pashɵx ctpah. Ha mpmmepe mccnegobahmu mctopmm Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ mhofme momhet kohØepehymm m kpyfnɵe ctonɵ, kotopɵe mpoxogmnm b Bonfofpagckom focygapctbehhom yhmbepcmtete, b ]ehtpe Fepmahckmx mctopm- ueckmx mccnegobahmu mog pykobogctbom mpoØeccopa Bamkay H. 3. [2]. 3ame- uatenahɵu o6meh omɵtom mccnegobahmu, b tom umcne mo mpo6nematmke Btopou mmpobou bouhɵ, mpomcxogmn ha nektopmm Fepmahckofo mctopmueckofo mhctmty- ta b Mockbe. Bcmommhaetce becama hetpagmymohhɵu gne Bonfofpaga kpyfnɵu cton o cnyxobou mametm (aygmomametm) o bouhe b Bonfofpagckou akagemmm focy- gapctbehhou cnyw6ɵ. K cowanehmd, goknagɵ fepmahckmx mctopmkob he bomnm b c6ophmk matepmanob kohØepehymm.
3tm m gpyfme cobmecthɵe hayuhɵe mepompmetme cyyectbehho pacmmpmnm metogonofmueckme fpahmyɵ gne poccmuckmx yuehɵx. Mpewge bcefo mɵ ocosha- nm bosmowhoctm m mepcmektmbɵ mewgmcymmnmhaphɵx mccnegobahmu. Ho geno he tonako b mhtephaymohanmsaymm hayuhofo cotpyghmuectba m mhtefpaymm poc- cmuckmx mctopmkob b mmpobyd hayky. B hameu ctpahe cØopmmpobanaca motpe6- hocta mmpokmx cnoeb o6yectba yfny6mta m pacmmpmta tematmky m mpo6nem- hɵe mone msyuehme Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ. 3ta wawga yuactbobata b msyuehmm mpomnofo cboeu ctpahɵ, cboeu cemam he mofna 6ɵta ygobnetbopeha tpagmymohhɵm kopmycom mctouhmkob, a touhee, cnowmbmeuce mepapxmeu mcto- pmueckmx mctouhmkob.
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Motpe6hocta o6yectba, oco6ehho monogofo mokonehme, b mognmhhoctm, ay- tehtmuhoctm, b «uenobeuhoctm» mopogmna mhtepec k co6mpahmd m msyuehmd mc- touhmkob, gadymx mhØopmaymd o pasnmuhɵx acmektax matepmanahou m gyxob- hou kynatypɵ boehhofo bpemehm.
MpoØeccmohanahɵe mctopmkm moctemehho hauanm bbogmta b hayuhɵu o6opot 6onee mmpokme mnactɵ gokymehtob nmuhofo mpomcxowgehme: mmcama, ghebhm- km, bocmommhahme. 3to gokymehtɵ he tonako focygapctbehhɵx geeteneu, bo- ehauanahmkob, ho m ndgeu mckycctba, matepmanɵ mo mctopmm getctba, mctopmm
hayuhou mɵcnm, mctopmm penmfmm m yepkbm, ycthɵe mctopmueckme mctouhmkm. 3amethɵm co6ɵtmem gne bonfofpagckou haykm ctana peanmsayme mpoekta
«¶etm m bouha» (Fpaht PFH8 ¼14-31-12036. Hayuhɵu pykobogmtena M. A. Pɵ6noba) [3].
Hsyuehme kynatyphɵx Øehomehob m mpoyeccob mepmoga Benmkou Oteuectbeh- hou bouhɵ monyumno moyhɵu mmmynac. Mo mogcuetam capatobckofo mctopmka E. u. Xpamkobou, c 2001-fo mo 2012 fog b Poccmm mo kynatype mepmoga Benmkou Oteue- ctbehhou bouhɵ 6ɵno saymyeho he mehee 103 gmcceptaymu mo 13 cmeymanahoctem. A sa mepmog c 1940-x mo 2000 fogɵ mo gyxobhou m xygowectbehhou kynatype 6ɵno saymyeho okono 114 gmcceptaymu [4]. To ecta sa 12 net moutm ctonako we, ckonako sa 50 mpegɵgyymx net.
Oghako, hecmotpe ha motpe6hocta b «Oue-bmghou» bo bcex cmɵcnax mctopmm, gone co6ctbehho bmsyanahɵx mctouhmkob b poccmuckmx hayuhɵx mccnegobahmex, kak m boo6ye gone bmsyanmctmkm, kak hayuhofo hampabnehme, – heshaumtenahae. Cka- sɵbaetce oco6ehhocta oteuectbehhou cmctemɵ mogfotobkm mctopmkob. Mɵ ymeem haxogmta m ahanmsmpobata mctouhmkm, ho satpygheemce bɵxogmta sa tpagmymohhɵe pamkm moctahobkm mpo6nemɵ m Øopmynmpobahme fmmotesɵ hayuhofo mccnegobahme. B to bpeme kak msyuehme ahtpomonofmm bouhɵ m takofo ee acmekta, kak mcmxono- fme uenobeka ha bouhe, 6es omopɵ ha mso6pawehme tofo bpemehm, ha bmsyanahɵu Øoh
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smoxm – manomepcmektmbho m hemonho.
Co6ctbehhɵu omɵt mccnegobatenackmx m hayuho-bɵctabouhɵx mpoektob cbmge- tenactbyet o samhtepecobahhoctm fpahtogateneu, hayuhofo coo6yectba, spmteneu ybmgeta boehhoe mpomnoe ms hetpagmymohhou mepcmektmbɵ, b msmepehmm mcmxo- nofmm uenobeka ha bouhe. Tak, Øyhgamehtanahɵe hayuhɵe sagaum msyuehme cme- xobou kynatypɵ peman mpoekt «Catmpa, dmop, cmex b cobetckom mso6pasmtenahom mckycctbe mepmoga Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ. Bmsyanahɵe mctouhmkm» (Fpaht P88H ¼ 15-46-02151. Hayuhɵu pykobogmtena – E. B. Ofapkoba) [5]. Takwe omɵt monmØohmueckofo sbyuahme, o6aema m mcmxonofmueckou fny6mhɵ 6ɵn monyueh b bɵctabouhom mpoekte «Ctanmhfpagckae xpohmka» (BMHH mmehm H. H. Mamkoba, hoe6pa – geka6pa 2018), fge aytehtmuhae boehho-Øpohtobae fpaØmka gomonheha tekctamm mmcem, ghebhmkob, bocmommhahmu xygowhmkob [6]. B xoge bɵctabkm po- gmnce «mpoekt b mpoekte» m monyumn o6yepoccmuckoe mpogonwehme. O6yectbeh- hoe gbmwehme «Momckoboe gbmwehme Poccmm» mhmymmpobano mpoekt «8pohto- bou moptpet: cyga6a congata». Cmeymanmctɵ m shtysmactɵ momckobofo gbmwehme mpegnowmnm he tonako momoua myseem b atpm6yymm mpomsbegehmu moptpethou fpaØmkm, ho m b yctahobnehmm Øpohtobou 6mofpaØmm mso6pawehhɵx boehhocny- waymx. Ecta mnahɵ mepegabata Øotokommm myseuhɵx moptpetob pogctbehhmkam yuacthmkob bouhɵ.
Bosmowhoctm kmhoØotogokymehtob, xygowectbehhɵx mso6pasmtenahɵx mc- touhmkob, takmx kak mnakat, nmctobka, moutobae otkpɵtka, Øpohtobou pmcyhok, mpoekthae apxmtektyphae fpaØmka, camogeetenahoe tbopuectbo, Øonaknop gadt mhofo mhtepechou mhØopmaymm.
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Ho he mpasghɵu bompoc: kak pa6otata c stou mhØopmaymeu? Ogha ms octpɵx mpo6nem – mpo6nema metogonofmm m metogob pa6otɵ c mmcamehhɵmm mctouhm- kamm nmuhofo mpomcxowgehme, c bmsyanahɵmm mctouhmkamm, c matepmanamm ycthou mctopmm. Mowho cØopmynmpobata ee kak «kohØnmkt mctouhmkob b mpo- ctpahctbe mctopmueckou mametm». B hactoeyee bpeme gmckytmpyetce bompoc, a he pasmɵbaetce nm yenocthoe shahme o bouhe, he mogmehedtce nm mpmhymmm- anahɵe bompocɵ mpmumh m pesynatatob bouhɵ uacthɵmm, mycta ybnekatenahɵ- mm m mano msyuehhɵmm bompocamm boehhou mobceghebhoctm?
¶ymad, uto bosbpayehme k yexobou samkhytoctm hayuhɵx cmeymanmsaymu m mepapxmm tem mccnegobahmu – sto tymmkobɵu myta pasbmtme mctopmueckou haykm. Kommnekchɵe, monmgmcymmnmhaphɵe mccnegobahme, mpmbneuehme 6onee mmpokou mctouhmkobou 6asɵ 6onee mepcmektmbhɵ. B Bonfofpage 6ɵnm mpo- begehɵ gbe bcepoccmuckme hayuho-mpaktmueckme kohØepehymm, mocbeyehhɵe pasnmuhɵm acmektam msyuehme kynatyphofo hacnegme mepmoga Benmkou Oteue- ctbehhou bouhɵ m efo mmpotbopueckofo motehymana [7].
Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba c ee fpahgmoshou gpamatypfmeu mpogonwaet mo- powgata hayuhɵe gmckyccmm, bɵsɵbaet mccnegobatenackmu mhtepec ganeko sa mpegenamm Bonfofpagckofo pefmoha m gawe Poccmm. Mo mpogonwmtenahoctm, mo oxbauehhou teppmtopmm, mo umcny weptb, mo sageuctbobahhɵm pecypcam, mo xa- pmsmatmuhoctm monkobogyeb, mo pesohahcy b mametm hapogob sto 6ɵno yhmkana- hoe cpawehme, o6peuehhoe ha hems6ewhyd mmØonofmsaymd. Mpm mccnegobahmm xygowectbehhɵx mso6pasmtenahɵx mctouhmkob, mocbeyehhɵx Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe, o6payaet ha ce6e bhmmahme peg hayuhɵx gmckyccmohhɵx mpo6nem, ko- topɵe mofyt 6ɵta moggepwahɵ mnm ompobepfhytɵ stou fpymmou mctouhmkob. Hampmmep: mmØ o «fehepane Mopose» m comytctbydymu emy cmop o fotobhoctm mnm he fotobhoctm Kpachou Apmmm m bepmaxta k mepenomhomy cpawehmd; mmØ o konna6opahtax m 6oneshehhae tema cotpyghmuectba fpawgahckofo hacenehme c okkymaymohhɵmm bnactemm mnm mepexoga boehhocnywaymx Kpachou Apmmm ha ctopohy mpotmbhmka; bompoc o «cteptom c nmya semnm» Ctanmhfpage m kohyem- ymex efo bocctahobnehme; mahteoh fepoeb Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ.
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Bbegehme b hayuhɵe mccnegobahme kommnekcob bmsyanahɵx mctouhmkob mo- sboneet bɵxogmta ha ypobeha o6yeuenobeueckmx, bhebpemehhɵx tem:
– mofpywehme b «kynatypy mobceghebhoctm» m ahanms fymahmtaphɵx mocneg- ctbmu bouhɵ gne o6yectba m uenobeka;
– mccnegobahme ponm tbopueckou nmuhoctm kak cbmgetene, yuacthmka m neto- mmcya boehhɵx co6ɵtmu;
– msyuehme bnmehme bouhɵ ha kynatypy m mmpobosspehme hapoga;
– othomehme k xygowectbehhɵm mpomsbegehmem kak gokymehtam cboefo bpe- mehm;
– kohyemtyanahɵu mogxog k mctopmm, kak mctopmm, mepewmtou m pacckasah- hou hapogom.
B msyuehmm mpmumh, mpegompegenmbmmx pesynatatɵ Btopou mmpobou bo-
uhɵ, bawhae pona otbogmtce uenobeueckomy Øaktopy. Boehho-mctopmueckae ahtpomonofme – ham6onee mepcmektmbhoe hampabnehme cobpemehhɵx mccnego- bahmu. Oghako mpegckasyemocta mctouhmkobou 6asɵ, pegkocta opmfmhanahɵx pakypcob mccnegobahme, ofpahmuehhɵu ha6op metogmk m texhonofmu mpmboget k ctafhaymm temɵ, kotopyd heo6xogmmo mpeogonebata.
Npmmeuahme
1.Cokonob A. b. Tekct, o6pas, mhtepmpetayme: bmsyanahɵu mobopot b cobpemehhou sa- maghou mctopmofpaØmm // Oue-bmghae mctopme. Mpo6nemɵ bmsyanahou mctopmm Poccmm XX ctonetme: c6ophmk ctateu / [pegkon.: H. B. Hapckmu m gp.]. – fene6mhck: Kamehhɵu moec, 2008. – C. 10–24.
2.Tpygɵ Bonfofpagckofo yehtpa fepmahckmx mctopmueckmx mccnegobahmu. Bɵm. 4: Xeh- ymha m bouha. 1941–1945. Poccme m Fepmahme / BonFV, Bonfofp. yehtp fepmahckmx mcto- pmu. mccneg. [m gp.]. – Bonfofpag, 2006.
3.¶etm m bouha: Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba m wmsha b boehhom Ctanmhfpage b bocmommhahm- ex wmteneu fopoga / Mog pegakymeu M. A. Pɵ6nobou; Œwhɵu hayuhɵu yehtp Poccmu- ckou akagemmm hayk. – Bonfofpag: Hsg-bo Bonfofpagckofo Ømnmana 8FbOV BMO PAH- XmFC, 2014. – 512 c.
4.Xpamkoba E. u. Cobpemehhɵe gmcceptaymm mo mctopmm o6pasobahme, haykm m kynatypɵ Poccmm 1941–1945 ff.: konmuectbehhɵe m kauectbehhɵe mapametpɵ // C6. Poccmuckae fo- cygapctbehhocta: ot mctokob go cobpemehhoctm. C6ophmk ctateu Mewgyhapoghou hayu- hou kohØepehymm, mpmypouehhou k 1150-netmd poccmuckou focygapctbehhoctm (Camapa, 13–15 cehte6pe 2012 f.). – Camapa: Hsg-bo Camapckofo hayuhofo yehtpa PAH, 2012. – C. 262–268.
5.Ofapkoba E. B. Okomhae mpabga. Catmpa m dmop b ycnobmex Øpohtobou mobceghebhoctm
// 8ehomeh mmpobɵx bouh b mctopmm XX beka: matepmanɵ Bcepoccmuckou hayuho-teope- tmueckou kohØepehymm (f. Bopohew, 11–12 mae 2017 f.). – Bopohew: Hsgatenacko-monm- fpaØmueckmu yehtp «Hayuhae khmfa», 2017. – C. 405–410.
6.Ctanmhfpagckae xpohmka: Katanof bɵctabkm / abtop bctymmtenahou ctatam Ofapkoba E.
B. – Bonfofpag: Mahopama, 2017. – 16 c.
7.Mmpotbopueckmu motehyman mctopmko-kynatyphofo hacnegme Btopou mmpobou bouhɵ m Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba: bcepoccmuckae hayu.-mpakt. kohØepehyme «Mmpotbopueckmu motehyman mctopmko-kynatyphofo hacnegme Btopou mmpobou bouhɵ m Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba», mocbeyehhae 70-nethemy d6mned mo6egɵ b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe m 50-nethemy d6mned otkpɵtme Bonfofpagckofo mysee mso6pasmtenahɵx mckycctb mmehm H. H. Mam- koba, 7–9 mae 2013 f.: [matepmanɵ] / Otb. peg. O. M. Mankoba, E. B. Ofapkoba. – Bonfo- fpag: MpmhTeppa-¶msauh, 2013. – 304 c.;
8.Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba: mctopmueckae mameta m xygowectbehhoe hacnegme: k 70-netmd mo6egɵ b Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe: matepmanɵ Bcepoc. hayu.-mpakt. kohØ. 13–15 hoe6. 2013 f. / Otb. peg. E. B. Ofapkoba: c6. hayu. ct. / Bonfofp. foc. coy.-meg. yh-t, Bonfofp. myseu mso6p. mckycctb H. H. Mamkoba. – Mockba: OOO «Mnaheta», 2013. – 455 c.
CAMOXO¶HªE APTEflflEPEMCKEE VCTAHOBKE HA bA5E TAHKOBªX HACCE B CTAflEHFPA¶CKOM bETBE
Mabnob Hsopa Beuecnabobuu
Be6y4uu nayunau compy6nue Mytee-tanobe6nuea «Cmanunspa6ceae 6umba» igor pavloff@mail.ru
yn. um. Mapnana Yyueoba, 47, 400005, s. Bonsospa6, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue
Ahhotayme. B ctatae paccmatpmbadtce hashauehme, mctopme cosgahme m 6o- ebofo mpmmehehme bouckamm Øammctckou Fepmahmm camoxoghɵx aptmnnepmu- ckmx yctahobok. Abtop gaet taktmko-texhmueckme xapaktepmctmkm pasnmuhɵx bmgob CAV m mpmbogmt mpmmepɵ mx mcmonasobahme b mepmog Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ.
Knduebɵe cnoba: CAV, aptmnnepme, bepmaxt, 6pohebou ymt, naØet.
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