Seminar 3. General Survey of Nouns and Their Categories
Module 1. Morphology. The Basics of Theoretical Grammar
Seminar 1. Theoretical Grammar and its Relationship to Other Branches of Linguistics. Basic Grammatical Notions.
Issues Discussed:
1. Human language as a semiotic system of conventional signs.
2. The hierarchy of linguistic levels and their basic units.
3. Interrelation of different branches of linguistics.
4. Grammatical meaning and its types.
5. The notion of grammatical form. Types of forms.
6. The notion of grammatical opposition. Types of l opposition.
7. The notion of grammatical category. Types of grammatical category.
8. Paradigmatics and syntagmatics.
Recommended literature
1. Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. / Марк Яковлевич Блох. − M. Высшая школа, 2000. – 381 p. . pp. 26-39.
2. Ilyish B. A. The Structure of Modern English. − L., 1971. pp. 5-7; 15-18; 21-28.
3. Morokhovska E. J. Fundamentals of English Grammar (Theory and Practice) - K., 1993. pp. 32-35.
4. Rayevska N. M. Modern English Grammar. − Kyiv, 1976. pp. 37-42; 67-71.
Practical assignments:
Exercise 1. Read the definitions of language cited below. Think over the principles they are based upon:
a) Language is the expression of thought by means of words, that is, by means of signs of a particular sort made with the vocal organs. (James B. Greenbough)
b) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates. (B. Blokh)
c) Language is not an assemblage of unconnected patterns but a system which is integrated in a high degree. (H. leason) Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntary produced symbols. (E. Sapir)
d) Language is first and foremost a means of transmitting information, and its study is a branch of the study of the signs and objects that they symbolize. /.../ Language is also a form of social behaviour. (J. Whatmough)
e) In speech, interference is like sand carried by a stream; in language, it is the sediment sand deposited on the bottom of a lake. The two phases of interference should be distinguished. (Weinreich “Languages in Contact”, p. 11)
Exercise 2. Define on what types of opposition the categories of tense, voice, mood, number, case and degrees of comparison are based in Modern English and Ukrainian/Russian.
Exercise 3. Provide examples from your Practical English Course book to illustrate different kinds of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
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Seminar 2. The Morphological Level of the Language
Issues Discussed:
1. T he notion of morph, morpheme and allo-morph.
2. Variations of morphemes.
3. Synonymy and homonymy of morphemes.
4. The word. Morphological structure of the word. Types of word stems. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word.
Recommended literature
1. Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. / Марк Яковлевич Блох. − M. Высшая школа, 2000. – 381 p. . pp. 26-39.
2. Ilyish B. A. The Structure of Modern English. − L., 1971. pp. 5-7; 15-18; 21-28.
3. Morokhovska E. J. Fundamentals of English Grammar (Theory and Practice) - K., 1993. pp. 23-25.
4. Rayevska N. M. Modern English Grammar. − Kyiv, 1976. pp. 37-42; 67-71.
Practical assignments:
Exercise 1. Analyse the morphemic structure of the following words: to criticise , to reconstruct, removable, sweetish, removed, paralinguistic, immaterial, imperious, irrepressible, irresponsible, restlessness, irretrievable, prehistorical.
Exercise 2. Pick out a composite sentence from your home reading material, write out all the morphemes from it and define their type.
Exercise 3. Give five synthetic and five analytic grammatical forms in Modern English, Ukrainian and Russian.
Exercise 4. Give two or three illustrative examples of monosemantic mor phemes and three examples of polysemantic morphemes in Modern English and Ukrainian.
Exercise 5. Give three examples of homonymous morphemes in Modern English and, if possible, also in the present-day Ukrainian.
Exercise 6. Analyze the following words from the morphological point of view: richest, families, different, beautiful, departure, unattractive, better, reproductiveness, irregularities, unexpectedly, pretenders, ship, exclusive, temporality, acceptability, bring up, give up, downstairs.
Seminar 3. General Survey of Nouns and Their Categories
Issues Discussed:
1. The definition and semantic, formal and functional properties. The classification of English nouns and criteria for these classifications. The morphological structure of English nouns, their combinability and functions.
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2. The problem of gender in English. Sex and Gender. Linguistic ways of expressing sex distinctions.
3. The category of number in English, the opposition “plural-singular”, singular tantum, pluralia tantum, collective nouns, nouns of multitude.
4. The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case. The two-case system of English nouns. The opposition “Common Case – Genitive Case”.
5. Noun-determiners, noun-building means. Morphological categories of nouns and factors influencing their realization (implicit meanings, contextual conditions). Syntactic properties of nouns: functions and combinability. Substantivisation and nominalization in English.
Recommended literature
5. Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. / Марк Яковлевич Блох. − M. Высшая школа, 2000. – 381 p. . pp. 26-39.
6. Ilyish B. A. The Structure of Modern English. − L., 1971. pp. 36-48.
7. Morokhovska E. J. Fundamentals of English Grammar (Theory and Practice) − K., 1993. pp. 53-65.
8. Rayevska N. M. Modern English Grammar. − Kyiv, 1976. pp. 37-42; 67-71.
Practical assignments:
Exercise 1. Translate into Ukrainian:
The Moscow Region state farm horse exhibition; Kyiv street traffic regulation rules; space shuttle trajectory optimization problems; offshore tanker unloading operations; Dallas county district attorney's office.
Exercise 2. Pick out from a newspaper or your home reading material sentences with the 's-phrases, identify the meaning of the -'s in them.
Exercise3. Think of the meaning the "s" morpheme signifies in a par ticular case. Tell whether the 's-morpheme denotes plurality or whether it is a word-building morpheme. Set up arguments.
air − airs ice − ices
ash − ashes art − arts
custom − customs colour − colours
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spectacle − spectacles work − works
appoint − appointments spade − spades
Exercise 4. Analyse the meaning of the "of-phrase" in the following sen tences. Comment on the possible substitution of the "of-phrase"for the 's-in- flexion in each case:
1. In James love of his children was now the prime motive of his existence. (J. Galsworthy) 2. And here was a man of experience and culture, one who knew every rope of business life and polite society. (J. Galsworthy) 3. I'm not prepared to run the risks of concealment. (J. Galsworthy) 4. Alone suddenly like that, Fleur felt the first shocks of reality. (J. Galsworthy) 5. ... the Captain took the desperate determination of running away. (Ch. Dickens) 6. And in those days he was most simple, a very Spartan of a boy. (Th. Dreiser) 7. The eye of Alexander MacStinger, who had been his favourite, was insupportable to the Captain; the voice of Juliana MacStinger, who was the picture of her mother, made a coward of him. (Ch. Dickens) 8. You could hear their clear, rich voices over the singing of everyone else. (D. Carter) 9. Asherst never had much sense of time. (J. Galsworthy) 10. The latter nodded and looked at Butler shrewdly, recognizing him at once as a man of force and probably of position. (Th. Dreiser) 11. He wasn't much of a businessman − too emotional. (M. Quin) 12. But she did not hear him for the beating of her heart. (E. Hemingway) 13. She has a perfect devil of a brother. (J. Galsworthy) 14. It was the face
of a man who studied his play, warily. (Ch. Dickens).
Exercise5. Replace the "of-phrases" by nouns in the genitive case: 1. Doctor Manson kept his eyes fixed on the face of Miss Barlow, putting a question now and then. 2. The cheeks of Miss Barlow continued to brighten. 3. A faint smile played round the lips of Miss Barlow. 4. The voice of a girl was heard in the distance. 5. The books of AJ.Cronin are very popular in our country. 6. Jon slipped his hand through the arm of his mother.
Exercise 6. Use the absolute possessive in the following sentences: A 1. Andrew raised his eyes and kept them on the eyes of Miss Barlow. 2. It was her job, not the job of old lady Winnie. 3. He put out his left hand and took the hand of Kate. 4. She had an unexpectedly pleasant voice, a little deeper than the voice of most women. 5. His face is long and white like the face of a clown.
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B 1. The middle wall had precisely the same books as used to be in the library at the house of his own father, in Park Lane. 2. After breakfast he went off to the house of Fleur. 3. I'd like you to come to the place of my sister. 4. I'm not going to the house of Karoline Kent at all. 5. "They tell me at the house of Tymothy," said Nocholas lowering his voice, "that Dartie has gone off at last."
Exercise 7. Translate into Ukrainian the following word combinations with the so-called "double genitive", supply examples of your own.
Tom's sister's room Jane's father's bag
John's friend's book My neighbour's wife's car
My wife's sister's husband My sister's boyfriend's jacket
Dallas county's district attorney's office. (N.Rosenberg) (also: A friend of my brother's; a bag of his mother's; the Nightingale's heart's blood.)
Exercise 8. As you know, in Modern English one and the same word in different contexts (distributions) may belong to different traditional parts of speech. Supply examples where the following words belong to different parts of speech:
a) fancy − noun b) blue (or: black) − noun
fancy − adjective blue − adjective
fancy − verb blue − verb
c) since − adverb d) back − noun
since − preposition back − adjective
since − conjunction back − verb
back − adverb
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