Exercise 15. Analyze the modal verbs you may find in the text above.
A. Try to replace them with their equivalents.
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/modal-verbs
B. Make predictions using will, may, might as in the examples:
- Scientists may develop a new material for the surface of roads.
- A new highway will be able to capture solar energy.
- It might be possible to store this energy under the road, and a self-driving car will be able to use it.
Exercise 16. Make a précis of the text, using the following phrases:
7. The title of the text is …… .
8. The text is about …..
9. The text covers such points as …….
10. It should be underlined that ….
11. In conclusion I would say that ….
12. To my opinion ….. . To my mind ….. .
Get Ready For Different Kinds Of Communication:
Exercise 17. Read the text quickly and then:
A. Choose the most suitable heading for each of the paragraphs 1-7.
A. Will there still be crashes?
B. Do AVs reduce the risks for pedestrians and cyclists?
C. Will all cars be electric?
D. What other autonomous vehicles might we see on our roads?
E. Will I be a driver or a passenger?
F. Will it still make sense to own a car or will I rent one (on demand)?
G. Will there still be driving tests?
B. Discuss in small groups or in pairs:
Are you ready to meet a driverless car on a road?
1. technology readiness level (TRL) – уровень технологической готовности;
2. MG (Morris Garages) – MG Car Company Limited (British sports car);
3. shared commutes – совместные поездки;
4. summon at the touch of a button – вызвать (такси) сенсорно;
5. to eliminate human error – устранить человеческую ошибку;
6. carelessness – беспечность;
7. inattention – невнимательность;
8. behavioral pattern – модель поведения;
9. delivery drone – робот доставщик;
10. sidewalk robot – уличный робот;
11. to envisage – предполагать, рассмотреть возможность;
12. detour – объездной путь;
13. unloading facilities – погрузочно-разгрузочные пункты.
14. Bosch IoT – Bosch Internet of Things
1. 
You’ll have a choice, says Dr. Nick Reed, academy director at transport consultancy Technology readiness level (TRL). “If you want to drive an MG (Morris Garages) and enjoy that, you’ll be able to. Or if you want to prepare for a business meeting during your two-hour journey, you’ll be able to do that, too. Automation systems give us choices.” Nikolaus Lang, of the Boston Consulting Group’s Centre for Digital in Automotive, argues it will depend on the vehicle you’re in. “By 2030, you’ll be a ‘controlling passenger’ in your private self-driving car and you’ll be a ‘complete passenger’ in a robo-taxi.”
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2. Instead of today’s car ownership model, we are far more likely to rely on “mobility as a service” by 2030, says Boland. “Imagine an Uber-like service you can summon at the touch of a button, but without a driver. Renting is not necessarily the right word – consumers will buy a service with a wider range of vehicle configurations to suit different types of travel – family outings, long-distance sleeper travel, or shared commutes.”
3. A 2008 survey by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found that human error is the critical reason for 93% of crashes, says Boland. “When you eliminate human error, our roads become dramatically safer: no more drink-driving, phone calls at the wheel, carelessness, inattention or plain bad driving. Clearly there needs to be adequate industry testing to ensure that AVs are safe for all other road users, but we can look forward to far safer roads as human drivers become a thing of the past.”
4. “I don’t think all of them will be electric by 2030,” says Danny Shapiro, senior director at NVIDIA, whose AI computer platform powers the supercomputer in Tesla vehicles. “Virtually every startup is looking at electric, and you have ever greater electric and hybrid focus from German, Japanese and US [manufacturers]. But at the same time there’s still a huge oil infrastructure. And, at least for the next four years, there’s a very pro-oil administration in the US.
5. “Yes,” says Reed. “But they might be very different, with different layers. Just as you have an automatic and a manual gearbox test today, there might be an automated driving test which may only entitle you to ‘drive’ a certain type of vehicle that has certain automation systems, rather than any vehicle. Drivers will need to understand how to operate those systems – so there may also be different skills required as part of the test.”
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6. We’re only at the start of understanding how pedestrians and cyclists will interact with a vehicle that doesn’t have a human driver at the controls, says Reed. “Whether a pedestrian will be able to detect whether a car is automated or not, and adapt their behavior accordingly, we still don’t know.” Mixed traffic carries risk, he continues, just as there may be risks associated with behavioral patterns we cannot foresee. “As with any new technology, there will be failures and even fatalities, but the overall benefits – in terms of [estimated] 90% fewer accidents, 40% less congestion, up to 80% less emissions, and 50% of parking space saved – are so substantial that the technological development will prevail.”
7. From vertical take-off and landing “flying car” prototypes to “sidewalk robots” and delivery drones, by 2030 our roads and pavements might have been resembled. “Driverless trucks are already being tested around the world, with Daimler testing on public roads in the US and Germany in 2016,” says Boland. Bosch meanwhile, envisages that a truck will become “a 40-tonne smart device on wheels” by 2025. “The trucks will receive all the data they need in real time from the Bosch IoT cloud, including information on the route, congestion, detours, and unloading facilities at the destination,” says Hoffmann.
Exercise 18.
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