Use the information in the text to answer the questions (1-6) below about 1) The Great Wall of China and 2) the first pyramid in Egypt.
| The Great Wall of China | The first pyramid in Egypt. | ||
| 1 | Where is it? | ||
| 2 | What is it? | ||
| 3 | When was it built? | ||
| 4 | What is it made of? | ||
| 5 | Who built it? | ||
| 6 | How big is it? |
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.3)
Answer the following questions about the text.
| 1. | What is the aim of a defensive wall? |
| 2. | What does the word ‘population’ mean? |
| 3. | Who built enormous structures in ancient times? |
| 4. | What are the measurements of the Great Wall of China? |
| 5. | What are the pyramids? |
| 6. | What were the pyramids used for? |
| 7. | What are the pyramids made of? |
| 8. | How heavy are the stone blocks? |
| 9. | How long did it take to build one pyramid? |
Read the text again and decide if the sentences (1-5) below are true (T) or false (F).
| 1 | The Great Wall of China was to keep people safe. | T | F |
| 2 | Building the Great Wall was easy for the workers. | T | F |
| 3 | The Pyramids were built before the Great Wall of China. | T | F |
| 4 | Pyramids are lots of different shapes. | T | F |
| 5 | The Egyptian pyramids were built to protect people. | T | F |
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.4)
Match the highlighted words in the text with the definitions (1-5) below.
| 1 | A place where people are buried. | |
| 2 | The top or highest part of something. | |
| 3 | Protecting somebody against attack. | |
| 4 | People who do hard physical work outdoors. | |
| 5 | All the people who live in a country. |
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.5)
Give synonyms from the text to the following words.
| 1. | very-very old | |
| 2. | to keep safe | |
| 3. | to put together | |
| 4. | well-known | |
| 5. | very-very big |
9. Match the following words and make up as many word phrases as you can:
| stone monument building civilization equipment structure famous square history local old engineering well-known tradition pyramid circle metal bridge ancient young female wall tower triangle position modern |
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| ancient | |
| defensive | |
| symbol | |
| structure | |
| base | |
| apex of a | |
| population |
10. Match the following words:
| wide the population base engineering the Pyramid sides structure (x2) of earth wall blocks safe together symbol |
| 1 | ancient | 8 | square | |||
| 2 | to protect | 9 | sloping | |||
| 3 | to join | 10 | apex of | |||
| 4 | defensive | 11 | stone | |||
| 5 | over 5m | 12 | enormous | |||
| 6 | famous | 13 | to keep | |||
| 7 | stone | 14 | is made |
Now complete the definitions (1-8) with the words from the module.
| defensive apex enormous base labourer population ancient to protect |
| 1 | A person whose job involves hard physical work. | |
| 2 | To keep something safe, out of danger; to defend somebody. | |
| 3 | The lowest part of a building (or any other structure) on which it stands. | |
| 4 | It means ‘belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past’. | |
| 5 | The highest part of a building or any other structure. | |
| 6 | It means ‘very big or very great’. | |
| 7 | It means ‘protecting something or somebody from attack’. | |
| 8 | The number of people who live in a particular area, city or country. |
12. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
| 1. | Parents always protect their children from danger. |
| 2. | Safety equipment protects our body from damage. |
| 3. | A hard hat protects you when driving a bike. |
| 4. | Goggles protect our eyes while welding. |
| 5. | Soldiers took a defensive position. |
| 6. | Hard hat, goggles and gloves are defensive means of safety. |
| 7. | How long is the defensive wall of China? |
| 8. | Warriors were standing on the top of a defensive wall. |
| 9. | What height is the apex of this Pyramid? |
| 10. | The apex of this construction is over 140 meters. |
| 11. | Sloping sides of a pyramid meet at an apex. |
| 12. | The apex of the tower of this bridge is the highest one. |
| 13. | The construction of the Pyramids involved manual labour. |
| 14. | A lot of labourers died during the construction of the Great Wall of China. |
| 15. | What is the population of your country? |
| 16. | The population of this country has increased for the last few years. |
| 17. | The population of China is enormous. |
| 18. | This building has a square base. |
| 19. | The Pyramids were built of stone blocks. |
| 20. | Stone blocks for building pyramids were very heavy. |
Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
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“ACTIVE VOCABULARY” section.
Part II
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS AND THEIR ARCHITECTURE
Read the following text and fill in the gaps. Use the words from the boxes below.
| build regional mythology based civilizations design people pyramids functions high |
Ancient structures are products of ancient (1) __________ .
The Aztecs, people with a rich (2) __________ and culture, dominated in central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Their capital was Tenochtitlan on the shore of Lake Texcoco – the site of modern-day Mexico City. They were related to the preceding cultures in the basin of Mexico such as the culture of Teotihuacan whose building style they adopted and adapted.
The Maya are (3) __________ of southern Mexico and northern Central America (Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, and El Salvador) with some 3,000 years of history. Archaeological evidence shows the Maya started to (4) __________ ceremonial architecture approximately 3,000 years ago. The earliest monuments consisted of simple burial mounds, the precursors to the spectacular stepped pyramids from the Terminal Pre-classic period and beyond. These pyramids were (5) __________ on carved stone in order to create a stair-stepped (6) __________ . Many of these structures had a top platform upon which a smaller building was constructed, associated with a particular Maya deity (= a god). Maya pyramid-like structures were also constructed to serve as a place of interment (= burying of a dead body) for powerful rulers. Maya pyramidal structures had a great variety of forms and (7) __________ . That was the result of (8) __________ and periodical differences.
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La Danta temple is also the name of the largest Maya temple. The temple is 79 metres (259 ft) (9) __________ , and with a volume of 2,800,000 cubic meters. It is one of the largest (10) __________ in the world.
| located structures center long collapsed sides astronomical century stone |
The Tarascan state was a precolumbian culture that was (11) __________ in the modern day Mexican state of Michoacán. The region is currently inhabited by the modern descendents of the P'urhépecha, normally spelled Purépecha in Spanish and in English. Tarascan architecture is noted for "T"-shaped step pyramids known as ‘yácatas’.
The Teotihuacan civilization, which was developing from around 300 BC to 500 AD, at its greatest extent included most of Mesoamerica. Teotihuacano culture (12) __________ around 550 and was followed by several large city-states such as Xochicalco (whose inhabitants were probably of Matlatzinca ethnicity), Cholula (whose inhabitants were probably Oto-Manguean), and later the ceremonial site of Tula (which has traditionally been claimed to have been built by Toltecs but which now is thought to have been founded by the Huastec culture).
The Zapotecs were one of the earliest Mesoamerican cultures and held power over the Valley of Oaxaca region from the early first millennium BCE to about the 14th (13) __________ .
Altavista. This (14) __________ and ceremonial center was the product of the Chalchihuite culture. Its occupation and development had a period of approximately 800 years (200—1000). This zone is considered an important archaeological (15) __________ because of the astonishing, accurate functions of the structures. The most famous are: The Moon Plaza, The Votive Pyramid, the Ladder of Gamio and The Labyrinth.
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La Quemada. A lot of buildings were constructed on artificial terraces upon the sloping (16) __________ of a hill. The materials used here include (17) __________ blocks and clay. The most important (18) __________ are: The Hall of Columns, The Ball Court, The Votive Pyramid, and The Palace and the Barracks. On the highest part of the hill is The Fortress. This is a small pyramid and a platform, with a wall around that is more than 800m (19) __________ and up to six feet high. La Quemada was occupied from 800 to 1200. Their founders and occupants have not been identified with certainty but probably belonged to the Chalchihuites culture or to the neighbouring Malpaso culture.
ANCIENT STRUCTURES
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